Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards
1
Q
What muscle is an antagonist to pectoralis major
A
Posterior deltoid
2
Q
In diarthrotic joints what provide more stability than mobility?
A
Ligament
3
Q
What nerve innervates serratus anterior?
A
Long thoracic nerve
4
Q
Proximal row of carpals
A
scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform
5
Q
distal row of carpals
A
hamate, capitate, trapezoid, trapezium
6
Q
A bag like structure found around freely moveable joints that helps to reduce friction where large muscles and tendons pass across joint capsule
A
Bursae
7
Q
Pectoral girdle bones
A
clavicle and scapula only
8
Q
Anterior forearm is innervate by
A
median nerve
9
Q
upper extremity attaches axial skeletal at
A
superolateral edge of sternum via the SC joint
10
Q
thoracodorsal nerve innervates what mm
A
latissimus dorsi
11
Q
metacarpal and proximal phalanx (II-IV) are what type of joint
A
Condyloid
12
Q
Posterior Forearm nerve
A
Ulnar
13
Q
Biaxial joint
A
bone moves in two planes or axes
14
Q
A synovial joint is most related to what classification of joints?
A
Diarthrodic
15
Q
The coronoid fossa is on the ___ aspect of the distal end of the ___
A
Anterior, humerus
16
Q
Scapular Adduction and Downward Rotation is performed by
A
Rhomboids only
17
Q
musculocutaneous nerve is involved with
A
shoulder and elbow flexion
18
Q
the proximal end of ulna articulates with
A
humerus
19
Q
the strongest most efficient elbow flexor is
A
brachialis
20
Q
levator scapulae on the scapula
A
medial rotation and elevation
21
Q
posterior upper arm
A
radial nerve
22
Q
mms that O on the coracoid process
A
coracobrachialis and biceps brachii
23
Q
the head of the radius is proximal or distal?
A
Proximal
24
Q
The lesser tubercle is on what aspect of the humerus
A
Anterior
25
What is the anatomical region around the elbow?
Cubital
26
Subscapularis insertion
Inferiorly through the ancillary region to the tubercle of the humerus
27
the cranial sutures are an example of what type of joint?
fibrous/synarthrotic
28
the distal tibia/fibula joint is what type of joint?
fibrous/synarthrotic
29
vertebral bodies are what type of joint and how much movement?
cartilaginous/amphiarthrotic, slight movement
30
vertebral FACETS are what type of joint and how much movement?
synovial/diarthrotic, gliding aka planar. 3 degrees freely moveable but not much movement.
31
The SC joint is what type of joint?
Saddle. 2 degrees.
32
At both proximal and distal ends, the radio-ulnar joint is what type?
pivot joint
33
MCP and MTP joints are what type?
Synovial/diarthrotic, condyloid/ellipsoid, 2 degrees of freedom
34
temporo-mandibular joint
condyloid/ellipsoid, 2 degrees of freedom
35
ankle-talus joint with tibia/fibula is what type of joint?
synovial/diarthrotic, hinge
36
What is necessary to stabilize the joints?
ligaments
37
Anatomical name for shoulder joint
glenohumeral joint
38
important ligaments in the GH joint:
glenohumeral, transverse, sternoclavicular, acromioclavicular, coracohumeral ligament, coracoaromial ligament
39
important elbow ligaments
radial and ulnar collateral ligaments, annular ligaments
40
wrist ligaments
radial and ulnar collateral ligaments
41
important hip ligaments
iliofemoral ligament, ischiofemoral ligament, pubofemoral ligament
42
knee ligaments
ACL, PCL, MCL, LCL, patellar ligament, medial and lateral ligaments, popliteal ligament
43
synovial fluid is critical for three things:
lubrication, movement, and nutrient distribution
44
what muscle elevates and lateral (upward) rotates the scapula?
upper trapezius
45
what muscle adduct the scapula?
Middle Trapezius and Rhomboids
46
What is the only muscle that performs THREE Actions on the scapula?
Rhomboids
47
Three main functions of the Central Nervous System (CNS)
1. monitor systems and internal/external environment
2. integrate information
3. coordinate movement and response of systems
48
The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) has two sections:
Afferent (sensory) and Efferent (motor)
49
The efferent (motor) division of the PNS subdivides into
1. Somatic
2. Automatic
49
Which division of PNS brings information in to the CNS?
Afferent division (sensory)
49
Which PNS division carries commands from the CNS to the glands?
Efferent division (motor)
49
Automatic division of the PNS efferent (motor) division divides into
1. Sympathetic "fight or flight"
2. Parasympathetic "rest and digest"
50
What are four parts of a neuron?
1. Dendrite: receives impulses on a neuron
2. Axon: sends information to receiving neuron
3. Cell Body (nucleus): contains the nucleus and cytoplasm of a cell
4. One or more axon terminals: at opposite end of cell body
51
What is the functions of dendrites?
They receive incoming signals
52
What is the function of an axon terminal?
They carry outgoing signals.
53
A single motor unit:
Is composed of a single efferent neuron, its various terminal branches, and the neurotransmitter (NT) it releases, the synaptic cleft and the end plates
54
Motor neurons (efferent)
Neurons that carry outgoing information from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands. They carry to targets called effectors.
55
Muscle Tone
When a motor unit is always active within a particular muscle even when the entire muscle is not contracting
56
Depolarization
As a number of positively (+) charged ions on the inner surface of the plasma membrane increase, the membrane potential shifts towards depolarization.
57
All living, unstimulated cells have a ____ plasma membrane.
polarized
58
Action potential
Is an electrical signal that affects the surface of the entire membrane in excitable cells.
59
Dura mater
tough, fibrous OUTermost covering of the CNS. Fused to periosteum of the skull. Holds the brain in position.
60
Arachnoid mater
Narrow subdural space that separates the inner surface of the dura matter from arachnoid.
61
Pia mater
innermost meningeal layer which is bound firmly to underlying neural tissue. Blood of the brain and SC run along this layer.
62
What are the three meninges?
Dura Mater
Arachnoid Mater
Pia Mater
63
The spinal cord (SC) contains a ____ canal which is a narrow internal passageway filled with ____ (CSF).
Central, Cerebrospinal fluid
64
The spinal cord consists of __ segments
31
65
Every spinal segment is associated with a ___ of dorsal root ____ which contain the cell ____ of ____ neurons
pair, ganglia, bodies, sensory neurons (afferent)
66
The cell bodies of sensory neurons are located in the:
Dorsal root ganglia of the spinal cord
67
Diancephalon
Thalamus, hypothalmaus, epithalamus
68
Thalamus
contains relay and processing center for sensory information
69
Hypothalamus
Connects to pituitary and hypothalamus centers - emotions, autonomic functions, hormone production
70
Epithalamus
Contains another endocrine structure: the pineal gland
71
Brain Stem
midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata - three major regions of the brain and important processing centers for info head of the cerebrum or cerebellum
72
Cerebellum
Adjust voluntary and involuntary motor activities based on sensory information
73
The Four chambers of the brain are called
ventricles
74
CSF (cerebrospinal fluid)
Surrounds and bathes the exposed surfaces of the CNS. Brain floats in this - provides cushioning
75
Reflex
rapid, autonomic response to a specific stimulus
76
Reflex arx is
single reflex wiring:
1. stimulus
2. receptor activation
3. sensory neuron transmits
4. information processed
5. motor neuron is activated
6. response by peripheral effector
77
Blood functions
1. transport
2. regulate
3. restrict fluid loss
4. defense
5. stabilize body temp
78
The liver synthesizes more than __% of the plasma proteins
90%
79
Hematocrit
Percentage of whole blood volume occupied by formed elements.
Adult males: 46%
Adult females: 42%
This closely approximates the volumes of RBCs.
80
Hemoglobin
Binds and transports oxygen and C02. Accounts for 95% of and RBCs intercellular proteins.
81
Type O blood:
Neither A or B antigens
82
Antigens
A substance that can trigger a protective defense process called an immune response
83
White blood cells are larger in size and do not have
hemoglobin
84
WBCs that do phagocytosis:
Neutrophils, eosinophils, monocytes
85
Rarest WBC
basophils
86
Neutrophils
A type of WBC that engulfs invading microbes and contributes to the nonspecific defenses of the body against disease.
87
Hemostatis
The stopping of bleeding. Halts loss of blood through walls of damaged vessels.
88
Three phases of hemostasis:
1. Vascular
2. Platelet
3. Coagulation
89
Greatest amt of pressure in heart is generated in the ___ _____.
left ventricle
90
Flow of blood through the heart
right atria -> right ventricle -> lungs -> left atria -> left ventricle -> body
91
Atrioventricular valves
prevent backflow of blood from ventricles to atria
92
LAB RAT
Left Atrium: Bicuspid
Right Atrium: Tricuspid
93
Semilunar valves
prevent backflow of blood from pulmonary trunk and ascending aorta to the R and L ventricles
94
Great and middle cardiac veins
carry blood away from the coronary capillaries. They drain to the coronary sinus which opens the R atrium.
95
An ECG (or EKG) measures
performance of specific nodal, conducting, and contractile components of the heart
96
P wave:
depolarization of the atria
97
QRS complex:
depolarization of ventricles
98
T wave:
ventricular repolarization
99
P-R interval:
Start of atrial depolarization
100
Q-T interval:
time required for the ventricles to undergo a single cycle of depolarization and repolarization
101
Stroke volume (SV)
amt of blood ejected by a ventricle during a single beat
102
Cardiac Output (CO)
amt of blood pumped by ventricle in 1 minute
103
Two types of immunity of the lymphatic system
innate (nonspecific) and adaptive (specific)
104
What are the smallest lymphathic vessels
lymphatic capillaries
105
Homeostasis is preserved through
intercellular communication via chemical messengers
106
Hormones relay ____ and ____ between cells
information and instructions
107
Long term communication is provided by the _____ system using chemical messengers called _____.
endocrine, hormones
108
Each hormone has
target cells that bind and read the message when it arrives
109
Anterior Pituitary Gland (APG)
secretes 7 hormones
110
Posterior Pituitary Gland
secretes ADH and oxytocin (2 hormones)
111
What gland synthesizes hormones that affect metabolism?
Thyroid gland
112
Adrenal glands produce
corticosteroids
113
Pineal Gland synthesizes
melatonin
114
Pancreas contains both ____ and ____ cells.
endocrine and exocrine
115
Alpha cells of pancreas
secrete glucagon, which RAISES blood sugar
116
Beta cells of pancreas
secrete insulin which LOWERS blood sugar
117
Conducting portion functional division
upper division of resp. system. where air moves through.
118
Respiratory porition:
Lower division of resp. system. GAS EXCHANGE. Smallest bronchioles and alveoli.
119
Anatomic upper respiratory
Nose to pharynx
120
Anatomic lower respiratory
Larynx to alveoli
121
Three parts of pharynx
nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx
122
Oropharynx
between soft palate and base of the tongue
123
laryngopharynx
level of hyoid bone and entrance to esophagus
124
Surfactant
secretion produced by certain cells of the alveoli that reduces the surface tension of water molecules, thus preventing the collapse of the alveoli after each expiration
125
The right lung has how many lobes?
three lobes
126
Left lung has how man lobes?
two lobes
127
Order of inspiration
1. Diaphragm contracts and flattens
2. Ribs move up and out, external intercostal muscles contract, internal relax
3. Volume in thorax increases
4. Pressure in thorax decreases
5. Air moves in along gradient
128
Tidal Volume (TV)
The volume of air breathed in and out without conscious effort (about 500 mL)
129
Vital Capacity (VC)
TV + IRV + ERV. The full amt of air you can breathe in and out of a single respiratory cycle.
130
ERV
Expiratory reserve volume
131
TLC (total lung capacity)
Maximum volume of air that lungs can contain (6.0 L)
132
RV (residual volume)
Amt of air remaining in the lungs after a forced expiration
133
Respiratory centers of the brain
medulla oblongata (ventral respiratory group (VRG) and dorsal respiratory group (DRG))
VRG is involved in forced breathing too
and pons
134
Respiratory rhythmicity center
controls the rate and rhythm of breathing
135
Inflation and deflation reflex
Neither are involved during normal quiet breathing
136
smallest lymphatic vessels
lymphatic capillaries
137
pressures in lymphatic system are extremely low, so ___ are essential
valves
138
What is the smallest unite of a muscle?
myofibrils
139
What is the smallest contractile unite of muscles?
Sacromere
140
Troponin binds to what in a sacromere?
Calcium
141
Many myofibrils together make up?
Muscle fiber aka muscle cell
142
A muscle cell (aka muscle fiber) contains
sarcolemma, mitochondria, nuclei
143
Many muscle fibers together make a
fasicle
144
A muscle fiber is surrounded by
endomysium
145
A fascicle is surrounded by
perimysium
146
Each muscle is technically an organ. What is it covered with?
EPImysium
147
What two substances cause the binding and unbinding that takes place in muscles?
Calcium and ATP
148
Myofibrils are made up of sections called
Sacromeres
149
Sacromeres are composed of
Actin and myosin (myofilaments)
150
Which myofilament is thin?
Actin
151
Which myofilament is thick?
Myosin
152
The z line is at each end of a
sarcomere
