Kinesiology II Flashcards
test 2
What are the four joints of the elbow and forearm complex?
Humeroulnar, radioulnar, proximal radio ulnar, and distal radioulnar
T or F?
The four jts of the elbow allow the hand to be placed in many positions allowing unlimited function of hand and allow for stability as well
True
What is the articulation of the humeroulnar joint?
trochlea of humerus on trochlear notch of ulna
Humeroulnar joint permits what motions?
Flexion and extension
What is the articulation of the humeroradial joint?
Fovea of radius and capitulum of humerus
What actions occur at the humeroradial joint?
Flexion, extension, pronation, supination
What is the normal outward angulation of the forearm called in the frontal plane?
Cubitis valgus
What is normal cubitis valgus also called?
Carrying angle - due to its function of keeping a carried object away from the body
T or F?
Elbow trauma can result in either excessive cubitus valgus (outward) or cubitus varus (inward)
True
Do men or women have a greater cubitus valgus angle? Why?
Women - our hips are wider so our forearm needs to be angled out more
What is males cubitus valgus degree?
5 degrees
What are females cubitus valgus degree?
10-15 degrees
Where does the medial collateral ligament originate and insert?
Originated on medial epicondyle and inserts on the medial aspect of the coronoid and olecranon process
What does the MCL provide stability against?
It resists cubitus valgus-producing forces
What are the three main supporting structures of the elbow?
Articular capsule, MCL, LCL
Where does the lateral collateral ligament originate?
Originates on lateral epicondyle
The lateral collateral ligament splits into two fiber bundles - what are these?
Radial collateral ligament and lateral collateral ligament
What does the LCL provide stability against?
Provides elbow stability by resisting cubitus valgus-producing forces
Is MCL or LCL most often injured during and attempt to catch your own fall? (FOOSH)
MCL
What movement can make the MCL and LCL taut and cause damage?
Extreme flexion and extension
What plane does elbow flexion and extension occur? What axis of rotation?
Sagittal
medial-lateral AOR
What is the function ROM of the elbow - what degrees of flexion?
30-130 degrees of flexion
How would you chart elbow ROM that is 5 degrees of hyperextension and 145 degrees of flexion?
5-0-145 (hyperextension - neutral - flexion)
T or F?
Pronation and supination occurs as a result of motion at the proximal radioulnar joint.
False - pronation and supination occur as a result of motion at both the proximal and distal radioulnar joint
T of F?
Pronation and supination do not occur at the hand
True - the hand follows the radius
What are the three supporting structures of the proximal and distal radioulnar joints?
Annular ligament (at proximal jt), distal radioulnar capsule, and interosseous membrane to disperse stress from the radius to the ulna as well
Does supination and pronation rotate around and AOR that travels from the radial head to the ulnar hear?
Yes
What is the 0 degree or neutral position of the forearm?
Thumbs up
How man degrees of pronation and supination can occur from neutral?
85 degrees of supination and 75 degrees of pronation
When the humerus is fixed and pronation and supination occurring, does the radius move and the ulna stay stationary?
Yes
What is the arthrokinematics of the radial head and follows the direction of what?
The radial head (proximal) spins in place, in the direction of the moving thumb
What is the arthrokinematics of the distal radius?
Rolls and slides in same direction relative to ulnar head
What are the prime movers of elbow flexion?
biceps, brachialis, and brachioradialis
T or F?
Brachioradialis can only pronate and supinate to neutral
True
What is the best position for elbow flexion and why?
Best position for elbow flex is neutral (thumb up) because the brachioradialis can help at its max potential
What is the secondary elbow flexor?
Pronator teres
What is the mm of choice for most elbow flex activities?
Bracialis
If flexion movement requires strong supination, what mm is used?
Biceps
What are the primary extensors?
Triceps and anconeus
T or F?
Functions that require large forces for extending the elbow usually demand strong activation of all three heads of triceps and anconeus
Ex. pushing
True
Do many daily functions require relatively low elbow extension force - meaning that the nervous system will activate one joint extensor muscle only?
Yes
What are the primary supinators?
biceps and supinator
What are the secondary supinators?
extensor pollicis longus and extensor indicis
If the biceps are contracted when the forearm is pronated, what can happen?
The forearm will supinate
Effectiveness of biceps as a supinator is greatest when elbow is flexed to ___ degrees
90 degrees. At 90 degrees elbow position, the biceps tendon approached the radius at the 90 degree angle
What are the primary pronators?
Pronator teres and pronator quadratus
What are the secondary pronators?
flexor carpi radialis and palmaris longus
What mm assists the pronator quadratus mm when larger pronation forces are required or when elbow flexion is also desired?
Pronator teres
If the pronator teres mm is activated, the elbow is going to flex instead of just pronate unless what muscle is contracted to neutralize the pronator teres elbow flexion?
Triceps
What are the two major joints of the wrist?
radiocarpal and midcarpal joint
Palmar is synonymous with ____
Dorsal is synonymous with ____
Anterior
Posterior
Is the end of the radius and ulna convex or concave? What do the ends articulate with?
Concave; they articulate with the proximal row of carpal bones
What is concavity of the ulna and radius laterally and medially bordered by?
radial and ulnar styloid process
What are the carpal bones in the proximal row?
scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform (from lateral to medial; thumb to pinky)
What are the carpal bones in the distal row?
hamate, capitate, trapezoid, trapezium
(from medial to lateral; pinky to thumb)
Are the carpals in the proximal row loosely or tightly bound?
Bone in proximal row are loosely joined
Are the carpals in the distal row loosely or tightly bound?
Bones in distal row are tightly bound by ligaments
What is the importance of the distal row of carpals stability?
It provides and important rigid base for articulations with the metacarpal bones
What is formed by the transverse carpal ligament riding the palmar side of carpal bone?
Carpal tunnel
What serves as a passageway that helps protect the median nerve and tendons of the extrinsic flexor muscles of the digits?
Carpal tunnel
What does the concave end of the radius articulate with?
Convex scaphoid and lunate
80% of forces that crosses the wrist pass through ____, ____, and ____
scaphoid, lunate, and radius
What does the midcarpal joint separate?
The proximal and distal rows of carpal bones
What is the most prominent articulation in the hand?
The head of the capitate with the socket formed by the distal surfaces of scaphoid and lunate
T or F?
Extrinsic ligaments of the wrist have proximal attachments outside carpal bones but attach within carpal bones
True
T or F?
Intrinsic ligaments of the wrist have origins and insertions within the carpal bones
True
Wrist joints are enclosed within a ____, which is thickened by ____ and ____ ligaments
Wrist joints are enclosed within a fibrous capsule, which is thickened by extrinsic and intrinsic ligaments
What do the extrinsic ligaments of the wrist resist extremes of?
flexion, extension, and ulnar and radial deviation
T or F?
Extrinsic ligaments of the wrist help stabilize the distal radioulnar joint
True
Where are the intrinsic ligaments of the wrist?
Within the carpal bones, interconnecting them
What doe the intrinsic ligaments of the wrist do? (3)
- Help transfer forces between the hand and forearm
- Interconnect various carpal bones
- Maintain natural shape of radiocarpal and midcarpal joints (to minimize joint stress during movement)
T or F?
Normally, the wrist is pretty unstable when compressed, even under substantial forces
FALSE - normally, the wrist remains stable when compressed, even under substantial forces
T or F?
Damage from large force or wear and tear from aging can significantly destabilize the wrist region
True
What are the goals for a weak, painful wrist?
Strengthening, relief pain, education on how to protect wrist, and splinting
What are the osteokinematics of the wrist?
Flex/extend and radial ulnar deviation
Are pronation and supination motions of the forearm or hand/wrist?
Forearm
T or F?
The wrist typically does not spin in a circular motion relative to a fixed radius
True
T or F?
Portions of the radiocarpal joint naturally block the twisting motion of the wrist in relation to the fixed radius
True
The wrist’s axis of rotation pierces what?
Capitate bone
Flex and extension of wrist is what axis of rotation?
Medial-lateral AOR
Ulnar and radial deviation of wrist is what AOR?
Anterior-posterior AOR
The rotation of what directs the overall path of the entire hand?
Capitate bone
From neutral position, how much can the wrist flex and extend?
Flex - 80 degrees
Extend - 70 degrees
What is the extension of the wrist limited by?
Limited by tension in thicker palmar carpal ligaments and carpal bones making contact with dorsal side of distal radius
From a neutral position, how much can the wrist radially and ulnar deviate?
Radial deviation - 20 degrees
UInar deviation - 30 degrees
What is the maximum ulnar deviation normally twice of and why?
Max ulnar deviation is normally twice radial deviation because of the void created by the ulnocarpal space
Is wrist extension convex on concave or concave on convex at both radiocarpal and midcarpal joints?
Convex on concave - roll and slide in opposite directions happens simultaneously at radiocarpal and midcarpal joints
T or F?
Full wrist extension elongates palmar radiocarpal ligaments, palmar capsule, and wrist and finger flexor muscles which helps stabilize the wrist in an extended position (useful when weight is put through upper extremity)
True
Is ulnar and radial deviation convex on concave or concave on convex at both radiocarpal and midcarpal joints?
Convex on concave
Is ulnar and radial deviation more limited? Why?
Radial deviation b/c the radial side of the carpal bones butts against the styloid process of radius
What do you need to also activate so that when you are making a fist, your wrist does not go into full flexion?
Wrist extensors are used to stabilize wrist, especially when making a strong grasp
Without contraction of wrist extensors, the strong flexion pull of extrinsic finger flexor mm will pull whole wrist into flexion
Simultaneous contraction of what two mm is required for pure wrist flexion?
Flexor carpi radialis and flexor carpi ulnaris - activation of all three makes a power grip
What mms are frequently used for activities that involve grasp and control of objects held within hand?
Radial and ulnar deviator mms
T or F?
Because strong functional association between flexor and extensor carpi ulnaris mms, injury to either can disrupt overall muscular action of ulnar deviation
True
Ex. RA often causes inflammation and pain in extensors carpi ulnaris tendon
With hand in anatomic position, the thumb’s metacarpal is rotated to almost how many degrees medially relative to other digits?
In anatomic position, the thumb is rotated medially almost 90 degrees relative to the other digits of the hand
What are the three arches of the hand?
proximal transverse arch
distal transverse arch
longitudinal arch
Flexion and extension of 2nd-5th fingers is in what plane?
Sagittal
Abduction and adduction of 2nd-5th fingers is in what planes?
Frontal
Flexion and extension of THUMB is in what plane?
Frontal
Abduction and adduction of THUMB is in what plane?
Sagittal
What is the term for movement of thumb across the palm, making direct contact with tips of any finger?
Opposition
Is deformity of the hand often caused by disease or trauma that disrupts balance forces around joints?
Yes
T or F?
The spine is made of natural, reciprocal curves that help with out posture and shock absorption
True
Where is lordosis in the spine?
Cervical and lumbar spine
T or F?
Curves are dynamic and flexible and are necessary to absorb compressive forces with the help of connective tissues and muscles
True
What can lead to exaggeration or reduction of spinal curvatures?
Disease, trauma, “loose” ligaments genetically, and poor posture
T or F?
If spinal curves are distorted, this will stress local muscles and joints.
True
Does exaggeration of spinal curves put more or less stress on connective tissues and mms that hold the spine together?
More
Does less exaggeration of spinal curves put more or less stress on the IVDs (intervertebral discs)?
More
What are the five points of the line of gravity?
Mastoid process
Anterior to 2nd sacral vertebra
Posterior to hip
Anterior to knee
Anterior to ankle (APAA)
Does the anterior pelvic tilt create more or less lordosis of the lumbar spine?
More
Does posterior tilt create more or less lordosis of the lumbar spine?
Less, it flattens lumbar spine
What are the three parts to an IVD?
nucleus pulposus
annulus fibrosis
vertebral end plate
When pressure is put on an VD, what is the motion of the NP and AF?
NP pushed outward and AF keeps the NP from escaping. If NP escapes the AF, a hernia has occurred
How many cervical vertebra and what are they labeled as?
7 cervical vertebra - smallest and most mobile of whole spine
C1 = atlas
C2 = axis
C3-C7 = typical cervical vertebra
What plane does flexion/extension occur and what AOR?
Plane = sagittal
AOR = medial-lateral
What plane does lateral flexion occur and what AOR?
Plane = frontal
AOR = anterior-posterior
What plane does rotation occur and what AOR?
Plane = horizonal
AOR = vertical
T or F?
The craniocervical region refers to a set of 2 combined articulations
FALSE - 3 articulations
What are the three articulations of the craniocervical region?
Atlanta-occipital, AA, and intracervical region (the rest of the cervical vertebra)
What part of the cervical spine is the most mobile area of the whole vertebral column?
Craniocervical region
At the AO joint, which way do the condyles roll in extension and flexion?
Extension = condyles roll backward
Flexion = condyles roll forward
At the AA joint, how many degrees of flexion and extension?
Flexion = 5 degrees
Extension = 10 degrees
At C3-C7 vertebra, what does extension look like? What about flexion?
Extension = posterior and inferior slide off facet
Flexion = anterior and superior slide
In flexion, is the anterior disc compressed? In extension, is the posterior disc compressed?
Yes and yes
Rotation of the head is a result of what?
C1 and the “attached” cranium rotation as a fixed unit relative to axis
Where is the 50%+ of the neck rotation occurring?
Where C1 is attached to the cranium
What is rotation of C2-C7 primarily guided by?
Oblique orientation of facet joints
How much rotation at C2-C7 occurs?
45 degrees in ea direction
Where is the most motion of lateral flexion occurring?
Between C2-C7
What is motion of lateral flexion guided by?
The incline of facet joints
T or F?
Some horizontal plane motion (rotation) is mechanically coupled with lateral flexion
True
What region is characterized by these?
- Slight flexion/extension, no real rotation, and slight lateral flexion
AO - Atlanto-occipital
What region is characterized by these?
- Slight flexion/extension, more rotation, no real lateral flexion
AA - Atlanto-axial
What region is characterized by these?
- More flexion/extension, more rotation, more lateral flexion
Intracervical region
How many degrees of total flexion is there?
80 degrees
How many degrees of extension is there?
45 degrees
How many degrees of lateral flexion is there?
45 degrees
For every inch forward that your head is, how many pounds are put on your spine (how much weight is your head increased by?)
10 lbs
Do superficial or deep muscles of the neck move the neck and fatigue easily?
Superficial mms
Are superficial or deep muscles designed for endurance of upright posture all day and are stabilizers?
Deep mms
What are the superficial mm of the anterior neck and their motions? (2)
SCM
- bilateral = flexion
- unilateral = lateral flexion
- contralateral = rotation
Scalenes (all three)
- bilateral = flexion
- unilateral = lateral flexion
What are the superficial mm of the posterior neck? (2)
Splenus capitis (head and neck mover)
- bilateral = extension
- unilateral = lateral flexion
- ipsilateral rotation
Splenus cervicis (neck mover)
- bilateral = extension
- unilateral = lateral flexion
- ipsilateral rotation
T or F?
Control of the head and neck is essential for coordinated alignment of the eyes and ears.
Ex. turning to locate and listen to sound
True
Are head and neck muscles neurologically very closely linked with the visual and vestibular systems of the brain?
Yes
T or F?
The primary function of deeper craniocervical muscles is to make the large movements of the head like flexion and extension
False - primary function of deeper craniocervical muscle is to fine-tune movements of the head and neck
T or F?
Deeper craniocervical muscles are effective at neutralizing secondary actions otherwise dictated by the plane of facet joints
True
