Kinesiology Final

Question 1

What determines a person’s stride length? How are these factors determined?

Answer 1

Velocity and how large their steps are; gait analysis

Question 2

What are the general gait parameters?

Answer 2

cadence, stride length, and velocity

Question 3

What describes the important events occurring between two successive initial contacts of the same limb?

Answer 3

gait cycle

Question 4

What percent of the gait cycle is the stance phase?

Answer 4

60%; initial contact, loading response, mid-stance, terminal stance, and pre-swing

Question 5

What percent of the gait cycle is the swing phase? What terms describe the swing phase?

Answer 5

40%; initial swing, mid-swing, and terminal swing

Question 6

What begins when one foot makes contact with the floor and ends when same foot lifts off the floor?

Answer 6

Stance phase

Question 7

When does the stance phase begin? When does the stance phase end?

Answer 7

Begin: when one foot makes contact with the floor
End: when the same foot lifts off the floor

Question 8

What begins when one foot lifts off the floor and ends when same foot makes contact with the floor?

Answer 8

Swing phase

Question 9

When does the swing phase begin? When does the swing phase end?

Answer 9

Begin: when one foot lifts off the floor
End: when same foot makes contact with the floor

Question 10

When does acceleration occur in the swing phase?

Answer 10

initial swing-to-mid swing

Question 11

When does deceleration occur in the swing phase?

Answer 11

mid swing-to-terminal swing

Question 12

What is the linear distance measured along the line of progression representing how far the body has traveled during one gait cycle?

Answer 12

stride length (two heel strikes of the same foot)

Question 13

What is the linear distance measured perpendicular to the line of progression from the center of the right point of contact to the center of the left point of contact?

Answer 13

Width of base of support

Question 14

What is it called the instant the foot contacts the ground?

Answer 14

Initial contact (first in stance cycle/heel strike)

Question 15

What is it called when the body weight is accepted on the limb?

Answer 15

Loading response (second in stance cycle/loading response)

Question 16

What phases of stance does the initial double limb stance include? When does it end?

Answer 16

Initial contact and loading response; when the opposite limb LIFTS from the ground

Question 17

What is it called when the body advances from behind the ankle to in front?

Answer 17

mid stance (third in stance phase)

Question 18

What phases of stance does the single limb support include?

Answer 18

mid stance and terminal stance (third and fourth in stance phase)

Question 19

What is it called when the body unloads from the reference limb and eventually toes lift off the ground while the other leg accepts weight on its foot?

Answer 19

Pre swing (last in stance phase)

Question 20

What phase of stance does the terminal double limb stance of push-off refer to?

Answer 20

Pre-swing

Question 21

What is it called when the reference foot lifts from the ground?

Answer 21

Initial swing/acceleration

Question 22

What phase of the swing is called the acceleration phase? How much of the swing phase does this account for?

Answer 22

Initial swing, in the first 1/3 of the swing phase, the reference limb moves directly under the body

Question 23

What is it called when the reference limb passes below the body?

Answer 23

Mid swing (second in swing phase)

Question 24

What phase of swing does the reference leg begin to decelerate?

Answer 24

Mid swing (second in swing phase)

Question 25

What is it called when the reference limb now moves well in front of the body?

Answer 25

Terminal swing/deceleration

Question 26

When in the swing phase does the reference leg continue to decelerate and prepare for the initial heel contact?

Answer 26

Terminal swing

Question 27

What plane of motion will we focus on when talking about gait for the pelvis, hip, knees, and ankles?

Answer 27

sagittal

Question 28

During stance and swing, the body must functionally _____ the limb and functionally ____ the limb.

Answer 28

elongate; shorten

Question 29

Stabilization of the hip - the abductors on the stance leg must keep pelvis level for swing on opposite limb occurs in what plane?

Answer 29

frontal

Question 30

Stabilization of the knee from the collateral ligaments occurs in what plane?

Answer 30

frontal

Question 31

Ankle eversion/pronation and inversion/supination occurs in what plane?

Answer 31

Frontal

Question 32

When is the center of gravity (COG) of the body at its lowest point?

Answer 32

Initial contact

Question 33

Ankle initial contact

Answer 33

Neutral dorsiflexion (0*) Dorsiflexion (Anterior Tibialis): isometric

Question 34

After the initial contact, the DF/Ant Tib activates how to lower the ankle into the transition towards the loading response plantar flexion.

Answer 34

Eccentrically

Question 35

Knee initial contact

Answer 35

Slightly flexed (5*) Quads: eccentric

Question 36

What is important about the position of the knee during initial contact?

Answer 36

The knee is positioned to ABSORB shock of initial weight bearing

Question 37

Why are the quads eccentrically active during the initial contact?

Answer 37

To have a slight "give" to the flexed knee and help prevent knee from buckling

Question 38

Hip initial contact

Answer 38

Flexed 20* Hip extensors: isometric

Question 39

Why are the hip extensors isometrically active during initial contact?

Answer 39

To prevent trunk from folding forward

Question 40

Ankle loading response

Answer 40

5-10* plantarflexion Ant. Tib.: eccentric

Question 41

Knee loading response

Answer 41

15* flexion Quads: eccentric

Question 42

Hip loading response

Answer 42

20* hip flexion Hip extensors: concentric

Question 43

Why do the hip extensors (like glute max) work concentrically during the loading response?

Answer 43

To move the hip toward increasing extension

Question 44

Ankle mid-stance

Answer 44

5* dorsiflexion PF: eccentric DF: inactive

Question 45

What does eccentric plantar flexors during the mid-stance allow for?

Answer 45

Controls the rate at which the lower leg advances over the foot

Question 46

Knee mid-stance

Answer 46

5* flexion no active mm

Question 47

Hip mid-stance

Answer 47

0* neutral hip extensors: concentric hip abductors: concentric

Question 48

What mm plays an important role in stabilizing the pelvis in the frontal plane during mid-stance? It prevents the opposite side of the pelvis from dropping excessively

Answer 48

Hip abductors (like glute med) Prevents "waddling"

Question 49

Ankle terminal stance

Answer 49

5-10* DF Plantarflexion/gastroc: concentric

Question 50

When does the gastroc and Achilles tendon stretch in preparation for propulsion/toe off then at heel off, switch from eccentric to concentric?

Answer 50

Terminal stance

Question 51

Knee terminal stance

Answer 51

5* flexion

Question 52

Hip terminal stance

Answer 52

20* hip extension hip flexors: eccentric

Question 53

Eccentric activation of hip flexors (particularly iliopsoas) during what stage of stance phase, help control amount of hip extension that occurs?

Answer 53

terminal stance

Question 54

What stage of the stance phase is there marked HYPERextension at mtp joints, supported by activation of intrinsic foot mms?

Answer 54

Pre-swing (toe off!)

Question 55

Ankle pre-swing

Answer 55

15* PF PF: concentric

Question 56

Knee pre-swing

Answer 56

40* knee flexion

Question 57

At what stage of the stance phase is knee flexion a result of inertia produced as the hip is pulled into flexion?

Answer 57

pre-swing

Question 58

Hip pre-swing

Answer 58

10* hip extension Hip flexors: concentric

Question 59

When during stance phase is the hip in a nearly neutral position with the thigh nearly perpendicular to the ground?

Answer 59

pre-swing

Question 60

Ankle initial swing

Answer 60

5* PF Ant Tib/DF: concentric

Question 61

What stage of swing phase does the plantarflexed ankle begin to dorsiflex, clearing ground as it is advanced forward?

Answer 61

Initial swing! So it can clear ground!

Question 62

Knee initial swing

Answer 62

60* knee flexion

Question 63

Hip initial swing

Answer 63

15* hip flexion Hip flexors: concentric

Question 64

Ankle MID swing

Answer 64

0* neutral Ant Tib: isometric

Question 65

Knee MID swing

Answer 65

25* knee flexion

Question 66

Hip MID swing

Answer 66

25* hip flexion Hip flexors: concentric

Question 67

When does the hip approach 25* of flexion, continuing to be pulled forward through concentric hip flexor activation?

Answer 67

mid swing

Question 68

Ankle terminal swing

Answer 68

0* neutral Ant Tib: isometric

Question 69

Hip terminal swing

Answer 69

25* flexion glut max: eccentric (to slow movement of leg)

Question 70

When does the limb begin to decelerate in preparation for heel contact? The leg is placed well in front of the body, preparing for a transition to accept body weight

Answer 70

terminal swing

Question 71

When are the DF are activated isometrically, positioning foot for heel contact?

Answer 71

Terminal swing

Question 72

When is the knee moved from the flexed position of mid swing to almost full extension?

Answer 72

Terminal swing

Question 73

Hamstrings active eccentrically at what time to slow rapidly extending knee? What mm becomes inactive in terminal swing?

Answer 73

Terminal swing Hip flexors

Question 74

When do hip extensors decelerate forward leg through eccentric activation?

Answer 74

Terminal swing

Question 75

What is assessed at the first opportunity in patient encounters?

Answer 75

Informal assessment of gait

Question 76

What does a formal assessment of gait include?

Answer 76

observation from the front, back and side assess movement regionally and holistically may observe with or without AD 20-30 ft of clear walking path Speed!

Question 77

What mm plays an important role in frontal plane hip stability?

Answer 77

Abductors

Question 78

Without activation of hip abductors on stance leg, ______ side of pelvis would drop under force of gravity, known as positive _____ sign.

Answer 78

opposite, Trendelenburg "waddling"

Question 79

What ligaments of the knee provide natural stability to knee in frontal plane?

Answer 79

Strong medial and lateral collateral

Question 80

Loss of this stability of the knee may lead to issues such as ____, potentially altering normal gait mechanics

Answer 80

genu valgus

Question 81

T or F? Instability of the knee may arise from impairments at the hip or foot.

Answer 81

True. Yup!

Question 82

While walking, what jts cooperate to transform foot from pliable platform at early stance to more rigid platform at late stance?

Answer 82

subtalar and transverse tarsal

Question 83

What position arranges bones of foot to their most stable position, forming rigid lever for push-off?

Answer 83

Supination (think toward lateral side of foot)

Question 84

How many degrees does the pelvis rotate in horizontal plane about a vertical axis of rot?

Answer 84

15*

Question 85

Because trunk remains relatively stationary during walking, what must rotate slightly to de-couple rotating pelvis from that thorax?

Answer 85

Lumbar spine

Question 86

What is it called when the foot quickly drops into plantarflexion, producing a slapping sound as the forefoot impacts the ground?

Answer 86

foot slap

Question 87

Weakness of Ant Tib or injury to peroneal nerve or hemiplegia can result in what gait impairment?

Answer 87

foot slap

Question 88

What is it called when a pt appears to be stepping over an imaginary obstacle; initial foot contact is typically made with forefoot or entire plantar surface of foot?

Answer 88

High stepping gait

Question 89

Foot drop impairment can result in what?

Answer 89

High stepping gait

Question 90

What is the inability to "shorten" the swing leg, possibly due to reduced active or passive hip or knee flexion or due to wearing a "straight-leg" brace at the knee?

Answer 90

Hip circumduction

Question 91

What is the inability to functionally "shorten" swing-leg which is possibly due to to weak hip flexor mms?

Answer 91

Hip hiking

Question 92

High stepping v. Hip hiking

Answer 92

High stepping - increased hip/knee flexion, weak DF, foot drop Hip hiking - elevation of pelvis of advancing leg

Question 93

What is the backward lean of trunk during foot-flat phase called? What mm is weak?

Answer 93

Weak glut max gait

Question 94

What is the flexed position of hip and knee during stance phase of gait often referred to as a "crouched gait"?

Answer 94

Walking with hip and/or knee flexion contractures

Question 95

Increased tightness in tissues that allow hip and knee extension is the reason for deviation of what condition?

Answer 95

Walking with hip and/or knee flexion contractures

Question 96

What is the condition where the hip abductors of the stance leg are unable to produce enough force to hold the pelvis level? It results in the LOG shifting toward the weak hip

Answer 96

uncompensated weak hip abductor gait

Question 97

What is the condition where there is purposely leaning of the trunk and pelvis to the SAME side as weak mms which shifts the LOG closer to to the stance hip?

Answer 97

Compensated weak hip abductor gait

Question 98

Standing on tiptoes creates extra clearance for contralateral leg to clear ground during swing is the reason for deviation of what condition?

Answer 98

Vaulting

Question 99

Knee remains fully extended throughout stance, combined with excessive forward lean of trunk is what condition?

Answer 99

Weak quadriceps gait

Question 100

Excessive hyperextension of knee during stance phase of gait is called what?

Answer 100

genu recurvatum

Question 101

Quads and/or knee flexor paralysis and plantar flexion contracture impairments can result in what condition?

Answer 101

genu recurvatum

Question 102

Shorter stance time on painful stance leg and shorter step length on uninvolved side is called what?

Answer 102

antalgic gait

Question 103

Unsteady or uncoordinated limb advancement in swing phase is called what?

Answer 103

ataxic

Question 103

Short step length and primary weight bearing through forefeet and toes is called what?

Answer 103

Festinating

Question 103

Bilateral small, shuffling steps and slow movement is called what?

Answer 103

Parkinsonian

Question 104

Adduction of swing limb during swing phase is called what?

Answer 104

Scissoring