Kinesiology Final Flashcards
What determines a person’s stride length? How are these factors determined?
Velocity and how large their steps are; gait analysis
What are the general gait parameters?
cadence, stride length, and velocity
What describes the important events occurring between two successive initial contacts of the same limb?
gait cycle
What percent of the gait cycle is the stance phase?
60%; initial contact, loading response, mid-stance, terminal stance, and pre-swing
What percent of the gait cycle is the swing phase? What terms describe the swing phase?
40%; initial swing, mid-swing, and terminal swing
What begins when one foot makes contact with the floor and ends when same foot lifts off the floor?
Stance phase
When does the stance phase begin? When does the stance phase end?
Begin: when one foot makes contact with the floor
End: when the same foot lifts off the floor
What begins when one foot lifts off the floor and ends when same foot makes contact with the floor?
Swing phase
When does the swing phase begin? When does the swing phase end?
Begin: when one foot lifts off the floor
End: when same foot makes contact with the floor
When does acceleration occur in the swing phase?
initial swing-to-mid swing
When does deceleration occur in the swing phase?
mid swing-to-terminal swing
What is the linear distance measured along the line of progression representing how far the body has traveled during one gait cycle?
stride length (two heel strikes of the same foot)
What is the linear distance measured perpendicular to the line of progression from the center of the right point of contact to the center of the left point of contact?
Width of base of support
What is it called the instant the foot contacts the ground?
Initial contact (first in stance cycle/heel strike)
What is it called when the body weight is accepted on the limb?
Loading response (second in stance cycle/loading response)
What phases of stance does the initial double limb stance include? When does it end?
Initial contact and loading response; when the opposite limb LIFTS from the ground
What is it called when the body advances from behind the ankle to in front?
mid stance (third in stance phase)
What phases of stance does the single limb support include?
mid stance and terminal stance (third and fourth in stance phase)
What is it called when the body unloads from the reference limb and eventually toes lift off the ground while the other leg accepts weight on its foot?
Pre swing (last in stance phase)
What phase of stance does the terminal double limb stance of push-off refer to?
Pre-swing
What is it called when the reference foot lifts from the ground?
Initial swing/acceleration
What phase of the swing is called the acceleration phase? How much of the swing phase does this account for?
Initial swing, in the first 1/3 of the swing phase, the reference limb moves directly under the body
What is it called when the reference limb passes below the body?
Mid swing (second in swing phase)
What phase of swing does the reference leg begin to decelerate?
Mid swing (second in swing phase)
What is it called when the reference limb now moves well in front of the body?
Terminal swing/deceleration
When in the swing phase does the reference leg continue to decelerate and prepare for the initial heel contact?
Terminal swing
What plane of motion will we focus on when talking about gait for the pelvis, hip, knees, and ankles?
sagittal
During stance and swing, the body must functionally _____ the limb and functionally ____ the limb.
elongate; shorten
Stabilization of the hip - the abductors on the stance leg must keep pelvis level for swing on opposite limb occurs in what plane?
frontal
Stabilization of the knee from the collateral ligaments occurs in what plane?
frontal
Ankle eversion/pronation and inversion/supination occurs in what plane?
Frontal
When is the center of gravity (COG) of the body at its lowest point?
Initial contact
Ankle initial contact
Neutral dorsiflexion (0*)
Dorsiflexion (Anterior Tibialis): isometric
After the initial contact, the DF/Ant Tib activates how to lower the ankle into the transition towards the loading response plantar flexion.
Eccentrically
Knee initial contact
Slightly flexed (5*)
Quads: eccentric
What is important about the position of the knee during initial contact?
The knee is positioned to ABSORB shock of initial weight bearing
Why are the quads eccentrically active during the initial contact?
To have a slight “give” to the flexed knee and help prevent knee from buckling
Hip initial contact
Flexed 20*
Hip extensors: isometric
Why are the hip extensors isometrically active during initial contact?
To prevent trunk from folding forward
Ankle loading response
5-10* plantarflexion
Ant. Tib.: eccentric
Knee loading response
15* flexion
Quads: eccentric
Hip loading response
20* hip flexion
Hip extensors: concentric
Why do the hip extensors (like glute max) work concentrically during the loading response?
To move the hip toward increasing extension
Ankle mid-stance
5* dorsiflexion
PF: eccentric
DF: inactive
What does eccentric plantar flexors during the mid-stance allow for?
Controls the rate at which the lower leg advances over the foot
Knee mid-stance
5* flexion
no active mm
Hip mid-stance
0* neutral
hip extensors: concentric
hip abductors: concentric
What mm plays an important role in stabilizing the pelvis in the frontal plane during mid-stance? It prevents the opposite side of the pelvis from dropping excessively
Hip abductors (like glute med)
Prevents “waddling”
Ankle terminal stance
5-10* DF
Plantarflexion/gastroc: concentric
When does the gastroc and Achilles tendon stretch in preparation for propulsion/toe off then at heel off, switch from eccentric to concentric?
Terminal stance
Knee terminal stance
5* flexion
Hip terminal stance
20* hip extension
hip flexors: eccentric
Eccentric activation of hip flexors (particularly iliopsoas) during what stage of stance phase, help control amount of hip extension that occurs?
terminal stance
What stage of the stance phase is there marked HYPERextension at mtp joints, supported by activation of intrinsic foot mms?
Pre-swing (toe off!)
Ankle pre-swing
15* PF
PF: concentric
Knee pre-swing
40* knee flexion
At what stage of the stance phase is knee flexion a result of inertia produced as the hip is pulled into flexion?
pre-swing
Hip pre-swing
10* hip extension
Hip flexors: concentric
When during stance phase is the hip in a nearly neutral position with the thigh nearly perpendicular to the ground?
pre-swing
Ankle initial swing
5* PF
Ant Tib/DF: concentric
What stage of swing phase does the plantarflexed ankle begin to dorsiflex, clearing ground as it is advanced forward?
Initial swing! So it can clear ground!
Knee initial swing
60* knee flexion
Hip initial swing
15* hip flexion
Hip flexors: concentric
Ankle MID swing
0* neutral
Ant Tib: isometric
Knee MID swing
25* knee flexion
Hip MID swing
25* hip flexion
Hip flexors: concentric
When does the hip approach 25* of flexion, continuing to be pulled forward through concentric hip flexor activation?
mid swing
Ankle terminal swing
0* neutral
Ant Tib: isometric
Hip terminal swing
25* flexion
glut max: eccentric (to slow movement of leg)
When does the limb begin to decelerate in preparation for heel contact? The leg is placed well in front of the body, preparing for a transition to accept body weight
terminal swing
When are the DF are activated isometrically, positioning foot for heel contact?
Terminal swing
When is the knee moved from the flexed position of mid swing to almost full extension?
Terminal swing
Hamstrings active eccentrically at what time to slow rapidly extending knee? What mm becomes inactive in terminal swing?
Terminal swing
Hip flexors
When do hip extensors decelerate forward leg through eccentric activation?
Terminal swing
What is assessed at the first opportunity in patient encounters?
Informal assessment of gait
What does a formal assessment of gait include?
observation from the front, back and side
assess movement regionally and holistically
may observe with or without AD
20-30 ft of clear walking path
Speed!
What mm plays an important role in frontal plane hip stability?
Abductors
Without activation of hip abductors on stance leg, ______ side of pelvis would drop under force of gravity, known as positive _____ sign.
opposite, Trendelenburg “waddling”
What ligaments of the knee provide natural stability to knee in frontal plane?
Strong medial and lateral collateral
Loss of this stability of the knee may lead to issues such as ____, potentially altering normal gait mechanics
genu valgus
T or F?
Instability of the knee may arise from impairments at the hip or foot.
True. Yup!
While walking, what jts cooperate to transform foot from pliable platform at early stance to more rigid platform at late stance?
subtalar and transverse tarsal
What position arranges bones of foot to their most stable position, forming rigid lever for push-off?
Supination (think toward lateral side of foot)
How many degrees does the pelvis rotate in horizontal plane about a vertical axis of rot?
15*
Because trunk remains relatively stationary during walking, what must rotate slightly to de-couple rotating pelvis from that thorax?
Lumbar spine
What is it called when the foot quickly drops into plantarflexion, producing a slapping sound as the forefoot impacts the ground?
foot slap
Weakness of Ant Tib or injury to peroneal nerve or hemiplegia can result in what gait impairment?
foot slap
What is it called when a pt appears to be stepping over an imaginary obstacle; initial foot contact is typically made with forefoot or entire plantar surface of foot?
High stepping gait
Foot drop impairment can result in what?
High stepping gait
What is the inability to “shorten” the swing leg, possibly due to reduced active or passive hip or knee flexion or due to wearing a “straight-leg” brace at the knee?
Hip circumduction
What is the inability to functionally “shorten” swing-leg which is possibly due to to weak hip flexor mms?
Hip hiking
High stepping v. Hip hiking
High stepping - increased hip/knee flexion, weak DF, foot drop
Hip hiking - elevation of pelvis of advancing leg
What is the backward lean of trunk during foot-flat phase called? What mm is weak?
Weak glut max gait
What is the flexed position of hip and knee during stance phase of gait often referred to as a “crouched gait”?
Walking with hip and/or knee flexion contractures
Increased tightness in tissues that allow hip and knee extension is the reason for deviation of what condition?
Walking with hip and/or knee flexion contractures
What is the condition where the hip abductors of the stance leg are unable to produce enough force to hold the pelvis level? It results in the LOG shifting toward the weak hip
uncompensated weak hip abductor gait
What is the condition where there is purposely leaning of the trunk and pelvis to the SAME side as weak mms which shifts the LOG closer to to the stance hip?
Compensated weak hip abductor gait
Standing on tiptoes creates extra clearance for contralateral leg to clear ground during swing is the reason for deviation of what condition?
Vaulting
Knee remains fully extended throughout stance, combined with excessive forward lean of trunk is what condition?
Weak quadriceps gait
Excessive hyperextension of knee during stance phase of gait is called what?
genu recurvatum
Quads and/or knee flexor paralysis and plantar flexion contracture impairments can result in what condition?
genu recurvatum
Shorter stance time on painful stance leg and shorter step length on uninvolved side is called what?
antalgic gait
Unsteady or uncoordinated limb advancement in swing phase is called what?
ataxic
Short step length and primary weight bearing through forefeet and toes is called what?
Festinating
Bilateral small, shuffling steps and slow movement is called what?
Parkinsonian
Adduction of swing limb during swing phase is called what?
Scissoring
