Patho - Final Review Flashcards
When do you expect to see spasticity in the muscle after a stroke has occurred?
After 24 hrs and then occurs opposite of the lesion
When do we expect to see flaccidity in the mm tone after a stroke has occurred?
Immediately after a stroke
What causes flaccidity in the mm tone post CVA (cerebral vascular accident)?
Happens because of cerebral shock
What does tetraplegia affect?
All four extremities and the trunk including respiratory mm
What does paraplegia affect?
All or part of the trunk and both lower extremities
What is paresis?
Partial loss of muscle function (weakness)
What is Gower’s sign and which dx does it go with?
Duchenne’s and it’s when children have to walk their hands up from the floor to stand
What is Duchenne’s Muscular dystrophy?
It is progressive, proximal muscle weakness recessive disorder due to degeneration of mm fibers
what are the signs of Duchenne’s?
Proximal mm weakness, enlarged calves, waddling gait, Gower’s sign, toe walking
What part of the body do upper motor neurons control?
Cerebral cortex and travel through the brain and spinal cord
What are the common injuries that affects UMN (upper motor neurons)?
Bell’s Palsy, Cerebral Palsy, Stroke, MS
What parts of the body do LMN (lower motor neurons) affect
They innervate the mm and glands throughout the body
What are the injuries associated with the LMN?
Poliomyelitis, post-polio, muscular dystrophy, myasthenia graves, peripheral nerve injuries
What dx has bradykinesia?
Parkinson’s Disease
What is chorea and what dx has it?
Involuntary, irregular, unpredictable mm movement, huntington’s chorea and cerebral palsy
What is the Homunculus man used for and what does it show?
Used for stroke dx and shows what body parts the stroke affects based on where the lesion is
What is a coup-contrecoup injury and what dx does it usually occur from?
When trauma hits the skull and the brain rebounds in another area. Usually associated with concussions and contusions
What is hemiparesis?
One sided weakness
What is Wallerian degeneration?
Axons degenerate distal to the lesion
When does Wallerian degeneration occur?
Occurs when the peripheral nerve is cut
In burns, which stage is when eschar occurs?
Full thickness burns
What is eschar?
Skin color that is black and dead
What is epilepsy caused by?
chronic brain disease caused by intermittent electrical activity
What are symptoms of epilepsy?
Recurring seizures, convulsions
Where in the spinal cord does paraplegia occur?
Lesions in thoracic, lumbar, or cauda equina
Where in the spinal cord does hemiplegia occur?
Above C6
What is multiple sclerosis (MS)?
Progressive autoimmune disease characterized by inflammation, demyelination, and gliosis
What are the common signs and symptoms of MS?
Intention tremor, double vision, paralysis, Lhermitte’s sign
How does Alzheimer’s occur?
The death of neurons in the cerebral cortex and commonly replaced by microscopic plaques
When is Alzheimer’s diagnosed?
Autopsy
What is Brown’s sequard syndrome defined by?
Hemisection of spinal cord due to penetration wounds
What are the signs and symptoms of Brown’s Sequards syndrome defined by?
Ipsilateral side of lesion - paralysis and sensory loss, light touch, proprioception.
Contralateral side is loss of pain and temperature.
What is the anterior horn of gray matter associated with?
Motor signals
What is causal equina syndrome associated with?
Incomplete transections in cauda equina portion of spinal cord.
What are the symptoms of cauda equina syndrome?
Saddle anesthesia, areflexic bowel and bladder
What is anterior cord syndrome?
Typically by compression and damage of anterior cord in cervical region
What is the symptoms of anterior cord syndrome?
Loss of motor function, loss of sense of pain and temperature below level of lesion
What is Bell’s Palsy?
Facial nerve paralysis
What is adult respiratory distress syndrome?
Sudden and life threatening failure of one or both lungs. Increased RR and shallow breathing.
What is Parkinson’s disease?
Slow and progressive brain disorder
What are the characteristics of Parkinson’s?
Progressive mm rigidity, akinesia, shuffled gait, slow speech, bent forward posture
What is myasthenia gravis?
mm weakness due to inadequate transmission of impulses from nerves to mm
What are the sx of myasthenia gravis?
Facial paralysis, difficulty breathing, chewing or swallowing, fatigue, drooping head
What dx is autonomic dysreflexia associated with?
Spinal cord injuries
What causes autonomic dysreflexia?
Acute onset of autonomic activity from noxious stimuli below the level of lesion
What do radial nerve injuries lead to?
Paralysis in posterior arm and forearm (extensor mm)
What results from a traumatic brain injury?
Unconsciousness, amnesia, nausea, headache, increased cranial pressure, paralysis
What is Huntington’s Chorea?
A genetic disease that has progressive brain deterioration, loss of mm control, chorea, personality changes, loss of memory
What is a superficial burn characterized by?
Only affects epidermis, heals on its own with no blisters, 2-3 days healing, red skin
What is a superficial partial thickness burn characterized by?
Epidermis and papillary dermis burn, epidermis destroyed, intact blisters, mod edema *7-10 days
What is a deep partial thickness burn characterized by?
Epidermis destroyed, dermis damaged to reticular layer, mixed red or waxy color, marked edema, heavy scarring
What is a full thickness burn characterized by?
Subcutaneous fat damage, eschar, hair follicles destroyed, wound is insinuate, skin grating required, no blanching
What are subdermal burns characterized by?
Epidermis, dermis and subcutaneous tissue destroyed, mm and bone are subject to necrosis
What is an electrical burn characterized by?
Has an entrance and exit wound, can cause arrhythmias, follows path of least resistance
What is the percentage in the rule of 9’s for adults?
Head - 4.5%
Arms - 4.5% ea. anterior and posterior
Abdomen - 18%
Legs - 9% each anterior and posterior
What is a complete spinal cord injury?
No sensory or motor function in the lowest sacral segments with no sacral spearing
What is an incomplete spinal cord injury?
Having motor and/or sensory function below the neurological level at S4 and S5, with presence of sacral sparing
If there’s motor and sensory function below neurological level but no sacral sparing called?
Zones of partial preservation
What are the spinal cord injuries qualifications?
Motor level is determined by testing strength of 10 key mm groups, sensory determined by level of reflexes from dermatones
What is cerebral palsy and how does it occur?
It is congenital brain damage or lesions of the immature brain that causes a disorder of posture and movement
Is cerebral palsy progressive or non-progressive?
Non-progressive
What is staphylococcus aureus also called?
MRSA
What is staphylococcus aureus?
Causes boils which begin in hair follicles and spread into dermis
How is staphylococcus aureus transmitted?
Direct contact
What are the signs and symptoms of systemic lupus erythematous?
Butterfly shaped facial rash, often presents with joint inflammation and skin rashes. Disease is progressive.
What are the common signs and symptoms of ALS?
(degeneration of motor neurons) weight loss, weak and wasted mms, slurred speech, mm cramps, twitch in mm
What is the prognosis of ALS?
Most pts die within 3 yrs
What is heterotypic ossification and what causes it?
SCIs can cause heterotopic ossification, it is when there is bone formation in places that shouldn’t have bone
What is emphysema?
Alveoli are damaged and enlarged. Loss of lung elasticity. Weight loss, shortness of breath, hyperinflation of lungs (barrel chest)
What is chronic bronchitis?
Chronic productive cough and sputum production of longer than 3 mo. overweight, cyanotic
What is cystic fibrosis?
Inherited disease that causes chronic lung disease, pancreatic insufficiency and GI problems
What are the cystic fibrosis sx?
Chronic airway infection, thick respiratory secretions, sweat gland dysfunction, reproductive dysfunction
What is the prognosis of cystic fibrosis?
Most pts don’t live past 37 y/o
What is asthma?
Periodic episodes of severe bronchial obstruction in pts that have hypersensitive airways
What is polio and what are the commons s&s?
A virus that can enter the GI tract and manifests in the spinal cord and destroys anterior horn cells. Involves paralysis, fever, and vomiting
What are common locations of CVAs?
Anterior cerebral artery, middle cerebral artery, internal carotid artery, posterior cerebral artery
Where is the most common location of a CVA?
Middle cerebral artery
What are the symptoms of anterior cerebral artery syndrome?
Urinary incontinence, contralateral grasp reflex, contralateral hemiparesis and sensory loss, greater in LE than UE
What are the sx of middle cerebral artery syndrome?
Aphasia, perceptual deficits, contralateral spastic hemiparesis and sensory loss of face, UE more involved than LE
What are the sx of internal carotid artery syndrome?
Massive infarction with significant edema, coma, death
