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PTA > Clinical Procedure Final > Flashcards

Clinical Procedure Final Flashcards

1
Q

What temp does skin have to be lowered to for local anesthesia?

A

56.5 degrees

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2
Q

Describe the physiological effects of superficial heat?

A

Increases blood flow
Increases tissue metabolism (so it encourages healing)
Pain relief and relaxation
Decrease mm spasm, joint and mm stiffness
Can increase ROM prior to exercising

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3
Q

Describe the physiological effects of superficial cold

A

Decreases blood flow
Decreases tissue metabolism
Minimizes bleeding and acute inflammation
Releases trigger points
Elevate pain threshold prior to exercising or after exercising

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4
Q

Procedure for spray & stretch

A

Position properly
Spray from 12-18 in away
Spray in unidirectional sweeps along the mm over the trigger point areas while maintaining a gentle and passive stretch
Evaluate the treatment response

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5
Q

List and describe the pathologic conditions commonly treated with massage

A

Adhesions, scarring, trigger points, restrictions in fascia/mm/joint capsule, ligaments, tendons, edema, spasms

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6
Q

What is an adhesion?

A

Bands of scar tissue joining two surfaces that are normally separated

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7
Q

What is a lesion?

A

Tissue destruction

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8
Q

What is a mm spasm?

A

Involuntary contraction of mm or muscle group

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9
Q

Identify the lobes of the lungs

A

The upper lungs on both sides have apical, anterior, and posterior segments.

The right lung has a middle lobe. The left lung does not but does have the Lingula.

The lower lungs on both sides have basal anterior, basal posterior, lateral segments, and superior segments.

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10
Q

What is ventilation?

A

Air moving through the lungs

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11
Q

Path of inspiration?

A

Mouth or nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, primary-tertiary bronchi, terminal bronchioles, alveoli (distal respiratory unit)

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12
Q

The alveoli are known as…

A

distal respiratory unit

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13
Q

External respiration

A

Exchange of gases between lungs and blood

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14
Q

Internal respiration

A

Exchange of gases between blood and body cells

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15
Q

Tidal volume

A

Normal resting ventilation

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16
Q

Inspiratory reserve volume

A

Additional air that can be inhaled after a breath

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17
Q

Expiratory reserve volume

A

Amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after a normal tidal volume exhalation

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18
Q

TLC total lunch capacity

A

Maximum volume of air that lungs can contain (6.0L)

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19
Q

Bronchioles

A

Smallest branches of the bronchi

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20
Q

Alveoli

A

Tiny sacs of lung tissue specialized for the movement of gases between air and blood

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21
Q

Pain triggers a number of pain-producing substances - what are some examples of these?

A

Potassium, serotonin, histamine, prostaglandins, leukotrienes, Bradykinin
- These can activate nociceptors and sensitize nerve endings

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22
Q

What does the spinothalamic tract transport?

A

Sharp and localized pain

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23
Q

What does the spinoreticulothalamic tract transport?

A

Diffuse, poorly localized, visceral pain as well

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24
Q

Gate control theory says that injury activates what pain fibers? and those are located where?

A

A delta and C fibers. In the dorsal horn of the SC. Excitatory and inhibitory influences determine if that signal moves “up the chain”

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25
Q

Endogenous Opiates theory of pain says that neurotransmitters called endogenous opiates descending control ____? And they operate at what level?

A

Mechanisms
Operating at the spinal cord level
They “block the gate” by interfering with A delta and C fibers trying to transmit to T cells

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26
Q

Examples of endogenous opiates

A

Enkephalins, endorphins, serotonin, dopamine

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27
Q

Tracheal breath sounds and bronchial breath sounds are similar. What is the difference?

A

Tracheal expiration is LONGER than inspiration and bronchial expiration is LOUDER than inspiration.
Both sounds are loud, high pitches, and hollow sounding.

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28
Q

T or F?
Fascia is stress sensitive

A

True. It will thicken in response to stressors.

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29
Q

What is the function of fascia in the body?

A

Stability, support of internal organs, nourishment with proper lymph exchanges

30
Q

Slow and sustained pressure on fascia effects the ___ substance.

A

Ground substance

31
Q

Stretching the fascia effects the ____

A

Fiber component

32
Q

The acute/inflammatory phase after injury can be thought to have two main sections. What are they and describe the why behind each.

A

Coagulation and vasodilation.
Coagulation - platelets and coagulation to stop bleeding and minimize the infection risk

Vasodilation - lymph and artioles constricted, now they dilate to clear the edema and move in the proliferative phase

33
Q

When are histamines and prostaglandins release in the healing phases

A

Acute/inflammatory

34
Q

Phagocytes and macrophages are active in what healing phase?

A

Acute/inflammatory - they “ clean up” the site of the trauma

35
Q

What is chronic pain?

A

It lasts for over three months, does not appear treatable, and could be referred pain

36
Q

What type of nociceptor perceives mechanical and thermal stimulus?

A

A delta fibers

37
Q

What type of nociceptor perceives chemical stimulus?

A

C fibers

38
Q

What type of pain fiber (nociceptor) is myelinated?

A

A Delta. They are localized and fast!

39
Q

What type of pain fiber is unmyelinated?

A

C fibers. Longer lasting. Burning, dull, poorly localized.

40
Q

Where do ascending pain pathways enter the spinal cord?

A

At the dorsal horn.

41
Q

McGill (MPQ) scale, visual analog, numeric pain rating…are all scales for measuring

A

Pain levels

42
Q

In addition to pain, light touch, and dull touch, other senses to look for in patients include:

A

Temperature, vibration, proprioception, DTR (deep tendon reflexes)

43
Q

Analgesia

A

inability to feel pain

44
Q

Asensate

A

Without sensation

45
Q

Anesthesia

A

loss of sensation

46
Q

Cosmesis

A

Preservation, restoration, or bestowing of bodily beauty

47
Q

The administration of thermal, mechanical, electromagnetic, acoustic, and light energies to produce biophysical effects at the cellular, tissue, oranix, and whole body levels

A

Therapeutic modalities

48
Q

Three primary categories of therapeutic modalities

A

Thermal, electromagnetic, mechanical

49
Q

Vasoconstriction, vasodilation, hemostasis/coagulation, phagocytosis - what phase of healing?

A

Inflammatory

50
Q

Epithelization, collagen production, closure/contraction, revascularization = what phase?

A

Proliferative

51
Q

Collagen balance/synthesis and lysis, collagen remodeling = what phase?

A

Remodeling

52
Q

In the inflammatory phase of tissue healing, pain occurs because:

A

A delta and C nerve endings are triggered by chemicals at the site of the injury and pressure from edema

53
Q

In which phase of tissue healing does phagocytosis occur?

A

Proliferative

54
Q

Where are the T (transmission) cells located to close the “gate” for pain modulation?

A

Dorsal horn of spinal cord

55
Q

The clear, watery substance known as transudate becomes exudate when:

A

There is an increase in plasma protein

56
Q

Describe the internal changes in the body when pain occurs?

A

Decreased circulation, decrease O2 supply, decreased lymphatic cleaning

57
Q

A pain assessment that involves diagrams and words for patients to circle locations and intensity of pain is:

A

McGill pain questionnaire

58
Q

Therapeutic goal of superficial heat is to get tissues to

A

104-113 degrees F

59
Q

What acts as the body’s thermostat?

A

Hypothalamus

60
Q

Contract bath =

A

3 min cold with 1 min warm x 5-7 cycles

61
Q

Temp range of contrast baths:

A

Cold: 50-64 deg F
Hot: 100-111 deg F

62
Q

Temp range for Paraffin wax

A

113-129 deg F

63
Q

What modality increase tissue temp change the most?

A

Fluidotherapy (convection!!)

64
Q

Residual Volume

A

The volume of air remaining in lungs after maximum exhalation

65
Q

Ideal pulse ox for exercise:

A

93-100%

66
Q

A system of manual therapy that creates system of passive movement reeducation patterns (practitioner to pt)?

A

Feldenkrais

67
Q

Position for postural drainage: right lobe lobe consolidation

A

Position left sidelying with elevation to 20”

68
Q

Irritable band of contracted mm tissue

A

Trigger point

69
Q

Which laboratory test serves as a marker of sufficient alveolar ventilation in a patient’s lungs

A

PC02

70
Q

Normal body temp

A

97.3 - 99.1

71
Q

Temp range for the hydrocollator?

A

158 deg - 167 deg F

PTA (21 decks)

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