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PTA > Kinesiology > Flashcards

Kinesiology Flashcards

Test 1

1
Q

What is kinesiology the study of?

A

Movement

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2
Q

What is a branch of biomechanics that describe the motion of a body WITHOUT regard to forces that produce the motion?

A

Kinematics

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3
Q

What are the 2 types of kinematics?

A

Translation and rotation

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4
Q

What are the two types of translation?

A

rectilinear and curvilinear

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5
Q

Translation or rotation? All parts of the body move in the same direction

A

translation

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6
Q

Example of rectilinear translation?

A

Walking in straight line, people riding in elevator, ball rolling down a path

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7
Q

Example of curvilinear translation?

A

Cycling, turning of car, arc of ball being throw, roller coaster, running on a curved racetrack

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8
Q

T or F? In walking, translation and rotation occur?

A

TRUE - the center of mass moves forward together (translation) but rotation of limbs is required to move forward and achieve the translation

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9
Q

What is the term for motion of bones relative to cardinal planes?

A

Osteokinematics

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10
Q

What is the term for the pivot point about which joint motion occurs?

A

Axis of rotation

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11
Q

T or F? Axis of rotation is parallel to the plane of motion

A

FALSE - axis of rotation is perpendicular to the plane of motion

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12
Q

What are the 3 axes of rotation?

A

Anterior-posterior (frontal plane)
Medial-lateral (sagittal plane)
Vertical/longitudinal (horizontal plane)

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13
Q

Open or closed chain motion? Movement of distal segment of bone about a relatively fixed proximal segment. Ex. sitting down and kicking legs

A

Open chain motion

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14
Q

Open or closed chain motion? Movement of proximal segment of bone about a relatively fixed distal segment. Ex. Squats

A

Closed chain motion

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15
Q

Arthrokinematics or osteokinematics? Describes only the path of the moving bones (flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, etc). Ex. door swings open in the horizontal plane

A

Osteokinematics

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16
Q

Arthrokinematics or osteokinematics? Describes the motion between the articular surfaces of joints. Ex. spinning of a hinge

A

Arthrokinematics

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17
Q

What are the two benefits of a convex-concave joint relationship?

A
  1. Improves fit and stability
  2. Properly guides motion
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18
Q

What are the 3 movements between joint surfaces (arthrokinematics)?

A

Roll, slide, and spin

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19
Q

For convex on concave joint, does the roll and slide movement occur in the same or opposite direction?

A

Opposite
Ex. Abduction of shoulder - humerus rolls upward in socket and slides downward

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20
Q

For a concave on convex joint, does the roll and slide movement occur in the same of opposite direction?

A

Same
Ex. When sitting and kicking your leg, the concave surface of the tibia is rolling and sliding on the convex surface of the end of the femur

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21
Q

What is a push or pull that can produce, modify, or halt a movement?

A

Force

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22
Q

What is the branch of mechanics that describes the effect of forces on the body?

A

Kinetics

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23
Q

Internal or external force? Generated within the body from a muscular contraction or passive force such as tension generated from ligamentous or muscular elongation.

A

Internal force

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24
Q

Internal or external? Generated outside the body such as from gravity, a weight, or a therapist applying resistance

A

External force

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25
Q

What is the rotational equivalent of force?

A

Torque

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26
Q

The amount of torque generated across a joint depends on what 2 things?

A
  1. The amount of force exerted
  2. The distance between the force and axis of rotation (moment arm)
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27
Q

What is an example of a first class lever?

A

Head and neck
Weigh, fulcrum, Force

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28
Q

What is an example of a second class lever?

A

Standing on your toes
fulcrum, Weight, Force
Internal moment arm always longer than external moment arm

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29
Q

What is an example of a third class lever?

A

Bicep curl
fulcrum, Force, Weight
Internal moment arm always smaller than external moment

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30
Q

What is the most common type of lever in the body and what does it favor?

A

Third class lever - favors speed and distance

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31
Q

T or F? Line of pull describes the direction of muscular force

A

True

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32
Q

In a medial-lateral axis of rotation, bony motion ____ to the medial-lateral AOR will produce flexion in the sagittal plane

A

Anterior to the medial-lateral AOR will produce flexion in the sagittal plane

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33
Q

In a medial-lateral axis of rotation, bony motion ____ to the medial-lateral AOR will produce extension in the sagittal plane

A

Posterior to the medial-lateral AOR will produce extension in the sagittal plane

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34
Q

In then anterior-posterior AOR, line of pull passing superior or lateral to the axis will produce ____ in the frontal plane

A

Abduction in the frontal plane

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35
Q

In the anterior-posterior AOR, line of pull passing inferior or medial to the axis will produce ____ in the frontal plane

A

Adduction in the frontal plane

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36
Q

In the vertical axis of rotation, anterior or medial pull produces ____

A

INTERNAL rotation

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37
Q

In a vertical axis of rotation, posterior or lateral pull produces ____

A

EXTERNAL rotation

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38
Q

In kinetics, what represent the magnitude and direction of a force, which can be combined (resultant)

A

Vector

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39
Q

T or F? Direction of a force represented by a vector is indicated by the orientation of the arrowhead.

A

True

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40
Q

T or F? The magnitude of a force is indicated by the relative length of the vector line

A

True

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41
Q

What parts of the body does the axial skeleton contain?

A

Skull, hyoid bone, spine, ribs, sternum

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42
Q

What parts of the body does the appendicular skeleton contain?

A

Extremities and scapula and pelvis

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43
Q

What is compact bone also called?

A

Cortical bone

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44
Q

Cortical (compact) or cancellous (spongey) bone? Dense and extremely strong, lines the outermost part of a bone, and absorbs compressive forces

A

Cortical (compact) bone

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45
Q

What is spongy bone also called?

A

Cancellous bone

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46
Q

Cortical (compact) or cancellous (spongy) bone? Porous and lightweight, composes inner bone portions, and redirects forces toward weight bearing sources

A

Cancellous (spongy) bone

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47
Q

Diaphysis or epiphysis? Central shaft of the bone, a thick hollow tube made of cortical (compact) bone

A

Diaphysis

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48
Q

Diaphysis or epiphysis? Ends of the bone, composed of spongy bone mainly, and transmits weight bearing forces across the body

A

Epiphysis

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49
Q

What lines the articular surfaces of each epiphysis acting as shock absorber between joints?

A

Articular cartilage

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50
Q

What is the thin, tough membrane called covering long bones where muscles and ligaments attach?

A

Periosteum

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51
Q

What is the central hollow tube within the long bone diaphysis called that stores bone marrow and provides a passage for arteries?

A

Medullary canal

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52
Q

What is the membrane called that lines the medullary canal surface and houses cells that are important for forming and repairing bones?

A

Endosteum

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53
Q

What type of bone, long, short, flat, or irregular, has an obvious axis or shaft and has an expanded bone portion at each end?

A

Long bone
Ex. femur, humerus, radius

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54
Q

What type of bone, long, short, flat, or irregular, has a length, width, and height that are about equal?

A

Short bone
Ex. carpal bones of hand

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55
Q

What type of bone long, short, flat, or irregular has a wide variety of shapes and sizes and can be a sesamoid (similar look to a sesame seed)?

A

Irregular bone
Ex. patella, vertebra bones

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56
Q

What type of bone, long, short, flat, or irregular is typically flat or slightly curved and is often the base for many muscle attachments?

A

Flat bone
Ex. scapula, sternum

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57
Q

What type of joint is a junction between bones allowing little to no movement?

A

Synarthrosis

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58
Q

What is the primary function of synarthrotic joints?

A

to firmly bind bones together and transmit forces from one bone to another

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59
Q

Examples of synarthrotic joints?

A

Fibrous:
-Suture (skull sutures)
-Gomphosis (teeth joint)

Cartilaginous:
- Synchondrosis (where ribs meet sternum)

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60
Q

What type of joint is a junction between bones allowing limited amounts of motion?

A

Amphiarthrosis

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61
Q

what are amphiarthrotic joints primarily composed of?

A

fibrocartilage and hyaline cartilage

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62
Q

What is the primary function of amphiarthrotic joints?

A

Provide shock absorption

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63
Q

Examples of amphiarthrotic joints?

A

Fibrous:
- Syndesmosis (interosseous membrane)

Cartilaginous:
-Symphysis (pubic symphysis)

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64
Q

What type of joint is a junction between bones allowing free movement?

A

Diarthrosis or a synovial joint

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65
Q

How many synovial/diarthrotic joints are there?

A

7

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66
Q

Which joint type is an articulation that contains a fluid-filled joint cavity between two or more bones?

A

Diarthrotic/synovial joint

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67
Q

What are the 7 common elements of synovial joints?

A
  1. synovial fluid
  2. articular cartilage
  3. articular (joint) capsule
  4. synovial membrane
  5. capsular ligaments
  6. blood vessels
  7. sensory nerves
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68
Q

Which element of a synovial joint provides joint lubrication and nutrition?

A

synovial fluid

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69
Q

Which element of a synovial joint dissipates and absorbs compressive forces?

A

articular cartilage

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70
Q

Which element of a synovial joint is connective tissue that surrounds and binds the joint together?

A

articular (joint) capsule

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71
Q

Which element of a synovial joint produces synovial fluid?

A

synovial membrane

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72
Q

Which element of a synovial joint is thickened regions of connective tissue that limits excessive joint motion?

A

capsular ligaments

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73
Q

Which element of a synovial joint transmits signals regarding pain and propricoception?

A

sensory nerves

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74
Q

Which synovial joint type allows motion in only one plane about a single axis of rotation, similar to the hinge of a door?

A

Hinge joint
Ex. humeroulnar joint (elbow) - flexion and extension

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75
Q

Which synovial joint allows rotation about a single longitudinal axis of rotation, similar to the rotation of a door knob?

A

Pivot joint
Ex. proximal radioulnar joint - supination and pronation

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76
Q

Which synovial joint has a convex elongated surface on a concave surface, allowing motion to occur in two planes?

A

Ellipsoid/condylar joint
Ex. radiocarpal joint (wrist) - flexion and extension and abduction and adduction

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77
Q

Which synovial joint allows wide ranges of motion in all three planes and is an articulation between a spherical convex surface and a cup like socket?

A

Ball and socket joint
Ex. hip or shoulder - flexion and extension, abduction and adduction, internal and external rotation

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78
Q

Which synovial joint allows limited motion but can slide and rotate in many directions and is an articulation between two relatively flat bony surfaces?

A

Plane/gliding joint
Ex. intercarpal joints of the hand - flexion and extension, abduction and adduction

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79
Q

Which synovial joint allows extensive motion in 2 planes and is one concave surface on one convex surface?

A

Saddle joint
Ex. CMC joint of thumb - flexion and extension, abduction and adduction

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80
Q

Which synovial joint is an articulation between a large, rounded, convex member and a relatively shallow concave member with 2 degrees of freedom?

A

Condyloid/ellipsoid joint
Ex. tibiofemoral joint (knee) - flexion and extension and internal and external rotation

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81
Q

What are the 3 things that all connective tissues of joints of the body are consisted of and are mixed in various proportion depending on the joints function?

A

Fibers (collagen 1 and 2 and elastin), ground substance, and cells

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82
Q

Type 1 or type 2 collagen fibers? Thick and rugged that resist elongation and compose ligaments, tendons, and fibrous capsules?

A

Type 1 collagen fibers

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83
Q

Type 1 or type 2 collagen fibers? Thinner and less stiff that are found mainly in cartilage and provide a flexible woven framework for painting general shape and consistency of structures

A

Type 2 collagen fibers

84
Q

What fiber is elastic in nature, resist forces but can have give when elongated, can be useful in preventing injury b/c of its flexibility, and is found in large arteries, skin and lungs?

A

Elastin

85
Q

Collagen and elastin fibers are embedded within what element of connective tissue?

A

Ground substance

86
Q

What is ground substance primarily composed of?

A

Water, solutes, and glycosaminoglycans

87
Q

What element of connective tissue allows body fibers to exist in a fluid filled environment, dispersing repetitive forces?

A

Ground substance

88
Q

What are cells within connective tissue responsible for?

A

Responsible for maintenance and repair of tissue that make up joints

89
Q

What are the 4 types of connective tissue binds bones together and restrains unwanted movements of joints, composes ligaments and the tough outer layer of joint capsule and is primarily made of type 1 collagen fibers with low elastin content?

A

dense, irregular connective tissue
Ex. MCL, patellar tendon

90
Q

Which of the 4 types of connective tissue resists and distributes comprehensive and shear forces transferred from articular surfaces covers the ends of articulating bones in synovial joints, and has high type 2 collagen fiber content which helps anchor the cartilage to bone?

A

Articular catilage

91
Q

Which of the 4 types of connective tissue provides support and stabilizes joints, provides shock absorption, composes intervertebral discs and menisci of knee, and have bundles of type 1 collagen?

A

Fibrocartilage

92
Q

Which of the 4 types of connective tissues forms the primary supporting structure of the body and a rigid lever to transmit muscle force to move the body, and has arrangements of type 1 collagen to provide a framework for hard mineral salts

A

BONE

93
Q

What connects MUSCLE to bone to convert muscular force into bony motion, with parallel alignment of collagen fibers?

A

Tendons

94
Q

What connects BONE to bone and maintains a joint’s structure, with irregular crossing patterns of collagen fibers?

A

Ligaments

95
Q

Bone conformation and ligamentous networks provide what?

A

Static stability

96
Q

What do muscles function as?

A

Active stabilizers

97
Q

T or F? Muscles cannot respond as quickly as ligaments to an external force, but allow a graded and more controlled response

A

True

98
Q

T or F? Joint immobilization doesn’t affect stiffness and tissue ability to withstand forces.

A

FALSE - joint immobilization increases stiffness and decreases the tissue’s ability to withstand forces

99
Q

T or F? Immobilization of a joint may be necessary but can make the joint susceptible to injury/instability.

A

True

100
Q

What is the sole producer of active force in the body and what is it stimulated by?

A

Muscle, stimulated by the nervous system to contract and pull on bone, creating movement

101
Q

T or F? When a muscle contracts the freest (or less constrained) segment moves

A

True

102
Q

What is the term for shortening or contracting of muscle where the muscle is producing active force?
Ex. upward motion of bicep curl

A

Concentric

103
Q

What is the term for a muscle attempting to contract but is pulled to a longer length by a dominant external force?
Ex. Downward motion of bicep curl

A

Eccentric

104
Q

What is the term for a muscle that is generating active force while remaining at constant length?

A

Isometric

105
Q

What does the term proximal attachment also refer to?

A

Origin

106
Q

What does the term distal attachment also refer to?

A

Insertion

107
Q

What is the term for a muscle or mm group most directly related to performing a specific movement?

A

Agonist

108
Q

What is the term for a mm or mm group that can oppose the action of the agonist?

A

Antagonist

109
Q

What is the term for what occurs when agonist and antagonist muscles are simultaneously activated in an isometric fashion?

A

co-contraction

110
Q

What is the term for muscle that “fixes” or holds a body segment relatively stationary so that another muscle can more effectively perform?

A

Stabilizer -
Ex. our core stabilizes so we can kick our leg forward or the rotator cuff muscles stabilizing the GH joint

111
Q

What is the term for muscles that work together to perform a particular action?

A

Synergists

112
Q

What is the term for a synergistic action occurring when muscles produce force in different linear directions but produce torque in the same rotary direction?

A

Force-couple
Ex. upper trap, lower trap, and serratus anterior creating upward rotation of scapula together

113
Q

What is the term for the shortening and lengthening of a muscle, where it can shorten or elongated about half its resting length?

A

Excursion

114
Q

What layer surrounds the entire belly of the mm to help hold its shape?

A

Epimysium

115
Q

What is the muscle belly composed of?

A

Numerous fascicles

116
Q

What is a bundle of muscle fibers called?

A

Fascicle

117
Q

What is the layer that surrounds and supports individual fascicles and serves as a vehicle to support nerves and blood vessels?

A

Perimysium

118
Q

What is an individual cell with multiple nuclei that contains all the contractile elements (actin/myosin) within muscle?

A

Muscle fiber

119
Q

What layer is a dense collagen fibril meshwork surrounding each muscle fiber that helps transfer contractile force to the tendon?

A

Endomysium

120
Q

What composes muscle fiber?

A

Myofibrils

121
Q

What is the basic contractile unit of muscle fiber

A

Sacromere

122
Q

What 2 elements are sarcomeres made up of?

A

Actin and myosin

123
Q

What is the hypothesis called that states actin filaments slide past myosin head filaments, resulting in contraction of an individual sacromere?

A

Sliding filament hypothesis

124
Q

What is created when myosin filaments with numerous heads attach to thinner actin filaments?

A

actin-myosin cross bridges

125
Q

What happens in actin-myosin cross bridges?

A

Myosin heads bind an actin filament, flexes, and produces a power stroke. The actin filament slides past the myosin, generating force and shortening a sarcomere. Simultaneous contraction of sarcomeres shortens the entire muscle.

126
Q

What 3 factors determine functional potential of a muscle?

A
  1. Cross-sectional area
  2. Shape
  3. Line of pull
127
Q

T or F? The larger a muscle’s cross sectional area, the greater its force potential?

A

True - a person with bigger muscles can generate larger force

128
Q

What are the 4 main muscle shapes?

A

Fusiform (biceps brachii)
Triangular (gluteus medius)
Rhomboidal (gluteus max)
Pennate (rectus femoris)

129
Q

Which muscle shape has fibers that run parallel to one another and are built to provide large ranges of motion?

A

Fusiform (large ROM)
ex. biceps brachii

130
Q

Which muscle shape has many origins converging to a small distal attachment and provides a stabilized base for generating force?

A

Triangular (create force)
Ex. gluteus medius

131
Q

Which muscle shape that has many origins and insertions and is shaped like a rhomboid or offset square? Also is suited to stabilize a joint or provide large forces, depending on its cross-sectional area

A

Rhomboidal (stabilize joint and create force)
ex. gluteus max

132
Q

Which muscle shape is like a feather, muscle fibers approach central tendon at oblique angle, large force but limited ROM, and can be classified based on the number of fiber sets attached to a central tendon?

A

Pennate (large force, limited ROM)
Ex. rectus femoris

133
Q

What is the difference between muscle shapes with parallel fibers and muscle shapes with pennate/oblique fibers?

A

Parallel muscles have a small cross section + small force, but can have large length change
Pennate muscles have a large cross section = large force, but have small length change

134
Q

Muscle forces can be described as ____ because they possess both magnitude and direction

A

Vectors can describe muscle forces b/c they have magnitude and direction

135
Q

Direction of a muscle’s force is referred to as ____

A

line of pull

136
Q

T or F? The length-tension relationship of muscle significantly impacts force output of muscle

A

True

137
Q

Active or passive length-tension relationship? Force generated is highly dependent on sarcomere length

A

Active length - tension relationship

138
Q

T or F? Muscles that are passively used and stretched rapidly to extreme length often become injured as well as the tendons or bony attacments

A

TRUE

139
Q

What is the term for a mm that crosses 1 joint?

A

Mono-articular

140
Q

What is the term for a mm that crosses 2 joints?

A

multi-articular

141
Q

Can a multi-articular or mono-articular muscle be elongated more?

A

multi-articular

142
Q

Active or passive insufficiency? Filaments overlap so potential for cross bridge is greatly reduced - the action is weakened or limited b/c the mm becomes too short to produce a useful or effective force

A

Active insufficiency

143
Q

Active or passive insufficiency? Actin is out of range of the myosin so cross bridging is greatly reduced - action is weakened or limited b/c the antagonist mm is passively overstretched, preventing full ROM and strength

A

Passive insufficiency

144
Q

Does active/passive insufficiency describe one or two joint mms?

A

Two jt mms

145
Q

Active or passive insufficiency? The muscle is too short.

A

Active insufficiency

146
Q

Active or passive insufficiency? The muscle is overstretched or too long.

A

Passive insufficiency

147
Q

Maximally flexing the hip while keeping knee straight.

  • Motion is passively being limited by what muscle?
  • Motion is actively being limited by what muscle?
A

Motion is passively being limited by the hamstrings.

Motion is actively being limited by rectus femoris

148
Q

Maximal hip extension with knee flexion.

  • Motion is passively being limited by what muscle?
  • Motion is actively being limited by what muscle?
A

Motion is passively being limited by rectus femoris.
Motion is actively being limited by hamstrings.

149
Q

T or F? When measuring a muscle, you do not want there to be any active or passive over-stretching or shortening of any muscle?

A

True

150
Q

T or F? A muscle during concentric contraction produces more force as speed of contraction increases?

A

FALSE - mm produces less force as the speed of contraction increases

Why? At higher speeds of contraction, actin-myosin cross bridges lack enough time to form, pull, and reform, so force is decreased

151
Q

____ contraction creates greater force than any speed of concentric contraction?

A

Isometric

152
Q

During an ____ contraction, passive force production increases slightly as the speed of elongation increases.

A

Eccentric

This can explain why you often feel greater mm soreness after high velocity eccentric activities

153
Q

T or F? Muscles held in a shortened position will shorten and muscles held in an elongated position will lengthen

A

True

154
Q

What is the term for a mm that is so tight that is severely restricts joint movement?

A

Contracture

155
Q

What can result in some degree of adaptive shortening?

A

Disease, poor posture, immobility

156
Q

T or F? An overly tight muscle causes the associated joints to assume a posture that mimics that muscle’s primary actions

A

True
Ex. a tightened hamstring causes hip extension and knee flexion

157
Q

T or F? To optimally stretch a muscle, the therapist has to hold the limb in a position that is opposite of all of its actions

A

True

158
Q

What does the overload principle imply?

A

A muscle must receive enough level of resistance to stimulate hypertrophy (size increase)

159
Q

What is the term for how a muscle adapts to the way in which it is challenged?

Ex. If you only strengthen the biceps by isometrically holding a weight a 90 degrees, the muscle only strengthens at that degree

A

Training specificity

160
Q

T or F? While ligaments and muscles stabilize joints, only muscles can adapt to immediate and long term external forces that interrupt the body.

A

True

161
Q

How do PTs and PTAs often improve stability of a joint?

A

By strengthening its surrounding mms

162
Q

T or F? Injury such as ligamentous rupture can significantly destabilize a joint

A

True

163
Q

T or F? Rarely do mms work individually, but as a group?

A

T

164
Q

What are the 4 joints of the shoulder complex?

A

Sternoclavicular, acromioclavicular, scapulthoracic, and glenohumeral

165
Q

What is the only direct bony attachment of the upper extremity to the axial skeletion?

A

Sternoclavicular joint

166
Q

T or F? The SC joint is stable but also allows extensive mobility

A

True

167
Q

T or f? The SC joint’s high degree of stability explains why fractures of the clavicle occur less than dislocations of the joint

A

FALSE - the sc joint’s high degree of stability explains why fractures of the clavicle occur MORE than dislocations of the joint

168
Q

What type of synovial joint is the AC joint?

A

Saddle - convex and concave surface

169
Q

The SC joint allows movement in all 3 planes - what are these movements?

A

Elevation and depression, protraction and retraction, and rotation

170
Q

In terms of the SC joint, when the clavicle is elevating and depressing, what plane is this in?

A

Frontal

171
Q

How many degrees of clavicular elevation and depression are there?

A

Elevation - 45 degrees
Depression - 10 degrees

172
Q

In terms of the SC joint, when the clavicle is protracting and retracting, what plane is this in? What axis of rotation?

A

Horizontal plane (transverse) and vertical axis rotation

173
Q

How many degrees can the clavicle protract and retract?

A

15-30 degrees

174
Q

In regards to the SC joint, what motion has to occur with the arm so the clavicle posteriorly rotates?

A

Shoulder has to abduct for the clavicle to post rotate. Clavicle post rotates b/c the coracoclavicular ligament becomes taut and spins the clavicle posteriorly

175
Q

In regards to the SC joint, what motion has to occur with the arm so the clavicle will anteriorly rotate?

A

When the shoulder goes back to resting position form ABD

176
Q

What axis of rotation does anterior and posterior clavicular rotation occur in?

A

Longitudinal axis

177
Q

Is the scapulothoracic joint a true joint?

A

No

178
Q

What muscles are elevators of the scapula? (3)

A

Upper traps, levator scapulae, and rhomboids - these mms support proper st posture

179
Q

T or f? Upper traps and rhomboids have opposite rotation action, but this cancels during contraction and produces elevation of the scaupla

A

True

180
Q

What mm are scapular/shoulder girdle/humerus depressors which results in shoulder depression? (4)

A

Lower trap, lat dorsi, pectoralis minor, and subclavius

181
Q

T or F? The shoulder depressor mms can be used in reverse action in instances like using a walker or crutch walking?

A

TRUE - the can elevate the thorax (o -> i)

182
Q

What 3 muscles work together as a force couple to produce scapular upward rotation?

A

Upper trap, lower trap, and serratus anterior

183
Q

What muscles creates scapulothoracic protraction?

A

Serratus anterior

184
Q

What activities do we use the serratus anterior for?

A

Forward reaching and pushing activities

185
Q

What is a sign of a weakened serratus anterior and during with activity do we see it?

A

“winging” effect - where the medial border of the scapula is lifting away from the rib cage

186
Q

What activity can we do to strengthen the serratus anterior if someone has winging?

A

push up plus

187
Q

What are the downward rotators of the scapula? (4)

A

Rhomboids, pec minor, lat dorsi, and levator scapula

188
Q

What mms are scapular retractors? (2)

A

Rhomboids and middle traps

189
Q

What activities do we use our scapular retractor mms in?

A

Rowing or pulling

190
Q

What kind of joint is the acromioclavicular joint?

A

gliding or plane joint

191
Q

AC joint has 3 degrees of freedom - what are its movements?

A

Upward and downward rotation (with the upward and downward rotation of the scapula - frontal plane
Anterior and posterior tilt (sagittal plane)
Internal and external rotation (horizontal plane)

192
Q

What structures support the GH joint?

A
  • Rotator cuff mms
  • GH joint capsule
  • Coracohumeral ligament
  • Glenoid labrum
  • Long head of biceps
193
Q

How many degrees of shoulder abduction is there?

A

120 degrees

194
Q

Full 180 degrees of shoulder abduction is obtained how?

A

Full 180 degrees of shoulder abduction is obtained by combining 60 degrees of scapular upward rotation

195
Q

During abduction of the GH joint, does the roll and slide occur in the same direction?

A

NO - this is convex on concave, the roll is superior while the slide is inferior

196
Q

During adduction of the GH joint, does the humerus roll inferiorly and slide superiorly?

A

Yes - it is convex on concave

197
Q

What would happen if there was no inferior slide during abduction of the shoulder?

A

Impingement - the humeral head would jam into the acromion , smashing the bursa

198
Q

T or F? GH flexion and extension happens in the sagittal plane while the humeral head spins about a relatively fixed axis

A

True

199
Q

The GH joint can flex how many degrees?

A

120

200
Q

The GH joint can extend to how many degrees?

A

60

201
Q

T or F? 180 degrees of shoulder flex is obtained by using about 60 degrees of scapular rotation

A

True - 2:1 ratio

202
Q

During internal rotation of the GH joint, what ways does roll and slide occur?

A

GH joint rolls anteriorly and slides posteriorly

203
Q

External rotation of GH joint, what ways does roll and slide occur?

A

GH joint rolls posteriorly and slides anteriorly

204
Q

How many degrees of horizontal abduction can occur?

A

About 90 degrees

205
Q
A

PTA (21 decks)

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