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Pathophysiology and Disease Processes Flashcards

1
Q

pathophysiology

A

challenges in maintaining homeostasis and overall state of health

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2
Q

diabetes mellitus type 1

A
  • endocrine
  • autoimmune
  • polyuria
  • polydipsia
  • fatigue
  • blurry vision
  • weight loss
  • elevated blood glucose
  • insulin therapy
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3
Q

diabetes mellitus type 2

A

-endocrine
-obesity
-inactivity
-genetics
-polyuria
-polydipsia
-fatigue
-elevated blood glucose
therapy:
-diet modification
-exercise
-medication
-insulin therapy

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4
Q

polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)

A
  • endocrine
  • excessive insulin
  • irregular menses
  • elevated hormone levels
  • multiple cysts on ovaries
  • weight loss
  • estrogen and progestin
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5
Q

hypothyroidism

A
  • endocrine
  • autoimmune
  • thyroid surgery
  • fatigue
  • weight gain
  • muscle aches
  • bradycardia
  • depression
  • elevated cholesterol
  • dry skin
  • synthetic thyroid hormone medication (levothyroxine)
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6
Q

hyperthyroidism

A
  • endocrine
  • graves disease
  • thyroiditis
  • plummers disease
  • weight loss
  • tachycardia
  • anxiety
  • fatigue
  • sleep disruption
  • goiter
  • therapy:
  • radioactive iodine
  • antithyroid
  • beta blockers
  • thyroidectomy
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7
Q

basal cell carcinoma (BCC)

A
  • integumentary
  • light/fair skin
  • sun exposure
  • new growth or sore that does not heal
  • curettage and electrodessication mohs surgery
  • cryosurgery
  • laser therapy
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8
Q

squamous cell carcinoma

A
  • light/fair skin
  • sun exposure
  • less common than BCC
  • spreads to surrounding tissue
  • most common on face and head
  • curettage and elctrodessication mohs surgery
  • cryosurgery
  • laser surgery
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9
Q

malignant melanoma

A
  • integumentary
  • light/fair skin
  • sun exposure
  • itchy/bleeding mole
  • new mole
  • mole with changes
  • depends on stage of lesion
  • surgery
  • lymph node biopsy
  • chemotherapy
  • radiation therapy
  • immunotherapy
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10
Q

acne vulgaris

A
  • integumentary
  • surge of sex hormones during puberty
  • excess sebum on skin surface
  • black heads, white heads
  • papules
  • pustles
  • regular cleansing of affected area
  • OTC benzoyl peroxide products
  • prescriptions
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11
Q

alopecia

A
  • integumentary
  • often hereditary
  • hormone changes
  • chemotherapy
  • stress
  • burns
  • fungal skin
  • loss or lack of hair
  • no cure
  • hair transplants
  • medications can slow progression
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12
Q

cellulitis

A
  • integumentary
  • staphylococcal and streptococcal bacterial infections
  • red, tight skin
  • pain in inflammed areas
  • fever
  • oral/topical antibiotics
  • hospitilization if at risk for developing systemic infection
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13
Q

dermatitis

A
  • integumentary
  • multiple causative agents
  • contacts with irritants
  • inflammation of skin resulting in rash or pruritus
  • corticosteroid creams
  • oral steroids
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14
Q

eczema

A
  • integumentary
  • chronic dermatitis with vesicular eruptions
  • itchy, scaly, red, rash
  • topical or systemic seteroids
  • NSAIDs for discomfort
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15
Q

folliculitis

A
  • shaving or repeated rubbing of shaved area
  • bacteria or fungi
  • red, itchy, hair follicles
  • pimple appearance
  • regular cleansing of affected area
  • topical antibiotics
  • electric shaver
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16
Q

herpes simplex

A
  • integumentary
  • contact with herpes simplex virus
  • type 1: painful blisters on lips, mouth
  • type 2: similar lesions in genital area
  • no cure
  • antiviral medication to decrease frequency of outbreaks
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17
Q

lmpetigo

A
  • integumentary
  • staphylococcal and streptococcal bacteria
  • itchy, oozing skin lesions with honey like appearing crust
  • antibiotics
  • frequent cleasning
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18
Q

pediculosis

A
  • parasitic lice infestation
  • skin itching
  • nits (eggs) in hair
  • particularly near roots
  • prescription or OTC lice treaments/shampoo
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19
Q

psoriasis

A
  • inherited autoimmune disorder
  • silvery, scaly, severely itchy skin lesions
  • systemic symptoms such as joint pain and imflammation
  • oral NSAIDs
  • topical creams
  • vitamin A and D
  • hydrocortisone cream
  • UV treatment
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20
Q

ringworm

A
  • contact with causative fungus
  • flat, circular lesions
  • topical and oral antifungal medication
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21
Q

rosacea

A
  • dilation of small facial blood vessels
  • redness
  • acne like eruptions on face
  • topical cortisones
  • antibiotics
  • vascular laser therapy
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22
Q

osteoarthritis

A
  • musculoskeletal
  • inflammatory
  • metabolic disorder
  • joint stiffness and pain
  • fluid surrounding the joint
  • grating sounds with joint movement
  • NSAIDs intra-articular injections
  • arthroscopy joint replacement surgery
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23
Q

rheumatoid arthritis

A

autoimmune

  • destruction of the joint capsule causing scar tissue to form
  • visible joint deformity
  • loss of joint mobility
  • NSAIDs
  • exercise
  • heat and cold
  • cortisone injections
  • surgery to remove scar tissue
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24
Q

bursitis

A
  • musculoskeletal
  • overuse
  • joint trauma
  • bacterial infection
  • joint pain and swelling
  • rest
  • pain medication
  • steroid medication
  • aspiration of joint fluid
  • antibiotics
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25
Q

ewings sarcoma family of tumors

A
  • unknown
  • males only
  • 10-20 years old
  • fever
  • pain at tumor site
  • fractures
  • bruising
  • surgery
  • chemotherapy
  • radiation therapy
  • bone marrow transplant
  • stem cell transplant
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26
Q

gout

A

musculoskeletal

  • deposits of uric acid crystals accumulate in joint spaces
  • joint pain
  • common in big toe and knee joints
  • stiffness
  • swelling
  • dietary changes
  • pain medication
  • medication to aid in elimination of uric acid in kidneys during urine formation
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27
Q

kyphosis

A
  • growth retardation
  • improper development of growth plates
  • aging and degeneration disk disease
  • visible upper back curvature
  • exercise
  • back bracing
  • harrington rod
  • spinal fusion in extreme cases
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28
Q

lordosis

A
  • injury
  • poor posture
  • wearing high heels
  • inward curvature of lower back
  • corrective shoes
  • exercise
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29
Q

osteogenesis imperfecta (brittle bone disease)

A
  • hereditary
  • dental issues
  • fractures at birth
  • loose joints
  • muscle weakness
  • respiratory issues
  • blue sclera of the eyes
  • triangle shaped face
  • small stature
  • spinal curvature
  • fracture repair
  • surgery with metal ordding
  • physical therapy
  • bracing
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30
Q

osteoporosis

A
  • hormone deficiencies
  • sedentary lifestyle
  • lack of vit D
  • corticosteroid use
  • smoking
  • fractures (spine, hips, wrists)
  • loss of height
  • kyphosis
  • medication
  • hormone replacement
  • exercise
  • supplements
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31
Q

osteosarcoma

A
  • unknown
  • pain in affected bones (usually legs)
  • swelling with development of tumor growth
  • surgery
  • chemotherapy and radiation
  • amputation of affected leg
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32
Q

pagets disease

A
  • hereditary
  • viral
  • bone pain and deformity
  • fractures
  • excessive bone destruction
  • surgery
  • medication
  • physical therapy
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33
Q

scoliosis

A
  • genetic
  • muscle weakness
  • prenatally during formation of vertebrae
  • bent appearing spine
  • back pain
  • back bracing
  • physical therapy
  • surgery with rod placement
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34
Q

fibromyalgia

A
  • unknown
  • exacerbated by sleep deprivation
  • emotional distress
  • depression
  • fatigue
  • point tenderness
  • trigger points
  • chronic facial pain
  • sleep disturbances
  • antidepressants
  • NSAIDs
  • physical therapy
  • trigger point
  • injections
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35
Q

muscular dystrophy

A
  • hereditary
  • muscle weakness leading to eventual paralysis of muscles
  • physical therapy
  • bracing
  • ambulatory devices
  • medications
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36
Q

myasthenia gravis

A
  • autoimmune
  • double vision
  • muscle weakness
  • dysphagia
  • difficulty chewing
  • difficulty breathing
  • avoiding exercise
  • stress
  • rest
  • eye patch
  • medication
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37
Q

tendonitis

A
  • sports or activity related
  • pain in joints
  • limited range of motion
  • rest
  • ice
  • NSAIDs
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38
Q

tetanus

A
  • toxin produced by clostridium tetani
  • muscle spasm in jaw and neck
  • dyspnea
  • fever
  • irritability
  • sweating drooling
  • antitoxin
  • antibiotics
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39
Q

hypertension

A
  • narrowing of arteries
  • increased arterial pressure
  • risk factors: obesity, smoking, stimulant use, kidney disease, high sodium intake, excessive alcohol consumption
  • excessive sweating
  • fatigue
  • muscle cramps
  • headaches
  • dizziness
  • treatment of underlying cause
  • lifestyle change
  • antihypertensive medication
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40
Q

angina

A
  • coronary artery narrowing
  • atherosclerosis
  • pain/tightness in chest
  • sublingual nitroglycerin
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41
Q

coronary artery disease (atherosclerosis)

A
  • buildup of fat and cholesterol in arteries
  • risk factors: high fat diet, high LDL, smoking, obesity, sedentary lifestyle
  • no symptoms prior to heart attack
  • lipid lowering medications
  • low fat diet exercise
  • smoking cessation
  • coronary artery bypass grafting in severe cases
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42
Q

myocardial infarction (heart attack)

A
  • coronary artery blockage
  • atherosclerosis
  • blood clot
  • squeezing chest pain that can radiate to shoulder/arm/neck/jaw
  • shortness of breath
  • diaphoresis
  • dizziness
  • nausea
  • aspirin
  • CPR if unconscious
  • defibrillation
  • anticoagulant
  • immediate emergency protocol
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43
Q

aneurysm

A
  • atherosclerosis
  • smoking
  • high cholesterol
  • diet obesity
  • usually no symp
  • possible back pain
  • tachycardia
  • dizziness
  • surgery
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44
Q

congestive heart failure (CHF)

A
  • smoking
  • obesity
  • sedentary lifestyle
  • high cholesterol
  • hypertension*
  • shortness of breath
  • wheezing
  • peripheral edema in legs
  • irregular heart beat
  • medications to address tachycardia
  • diuretic medication to treat edema
  • antihypertensive medication
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45
Q

mitral valve prolapse

A
  • unknown or hereditary
  • mild cases usually have no symptoms
  • severe cases can have shortness of breath and palpitations
  • surgery
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46
Q

thrombophlebitis

A
  • prolonged periods of inactivity
  • hormone replacement therapy
  • cancer paralysis
  • thrombophlebitis
  • pain in affected area
  • redness
  • swelling
  • heat compression
  • stockings
  • anticoagulants medication surgery
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47
Q

acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)

A
  • HIV virus
  • low t cell counts
  • fever
  • diaphoresis
  • susceptibility to frequent infection
  • weight loss
  • antiretroviral medication to slow progression
  • treatment of secondary infections with antibiotics
  • no cure
48
Q

lymphedema

A
  • parasitic infection
  • trauma
  • surgical removal of lymph nodes
  • persistent tissue swelling
  • compression stockings
  • lymphedema pump
  • surgery
49
Q

mononucleosis

A
  • epstein barr virus
  • cytomegalovirus
  • extreme fatigue
  • sore throat
  • fever
  • supportive care
50
Q

systemic lupus erythematosus

A
  • medications bacterial infection
  • autoimmune
  • fatigue
  • body pain
  • butterfly rash on face
  • headaches
  • nausea
  • hair loss
  • weight loss
  • anemia
  • shortness of breath
  • NSAIDs (steroids topical creams)
51
Q

celiac disease

A
  • genetic defect
  • lack of enzyme that breaks down gluten
  • consumption of gluten triggers
  • autoimmune reaction
  • weight loss
  • bloating
  • loose stools
  • eventual systemic organ wasting due to lack of nutrients
  • malabsorption
  • gluten free diet
52
Q

asthma

A
  • allergens
  • pollutants
  • dust mites
  • cigarette smoke
  • wheezing
  • coughing
  • feeling of tightness in chest
  • avoiding allergens/irritants
  • rescue inhaler of bronchodilation
  • anti inflammatory steroid inhalers
  • leukotrienereceptor antagonists
  • steroid injection for an acute episode
53
Q

atelectasis

A
  • cystic fibrosis
  • COPD
  • lung cancer
  • spontaneous
  • dyspnea
  • cyanosis
  • diaphoresis
  • pain
  • thoracentesis
  • chest percussion
  • deep breathing exercises
  • intermittent
  • positive pressure breathing
54
Q

bronchitis

A
  • viral
  • environmental pollutants
  • cigarette smoke
  • yellow gray or green productive cough
  • chest tightness
  • dyspnea
  • fever
  • cough medicine
  • humidifier
  • inhalers
  • antibiotics in some cases
55
Q

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

A
  • smoking environmental pollutants
  • dyspnea
  • hypoxia
  • fatigue
  • cough
  • smoking cessation
  • inhalers
  • lung transplant in extreme cases
56
Q

emphysema

A
  • damage to the alveoli caused by cigarette smoke
  • pollutants
  • specific types of dust
  • shortness of breath
  • chronic cough
  • fatigue
  • smoking cessation
  • avoiding cold environments
  • antibiotics for secondary lung infections
57
Q

influenza

A
  • respiratory virus
  • fever
  • muscle pain
  • fatigue
  • sore throat
  • rhinorrhea
  • symptomatic
  • OTC analgesics for aches and fever
  • antiviral medication
58
Q

legionnaires’ disease

A
  • legionella bacteria that grow in standing water
  • dyspnea
  • cough
  • headache
  • fever
  • antibiotics
  • respiratory medications
  • oxygen
  • fever medication (antipyretic)
59
Q

pneumonia

A
  • bacterial
  • viral
  • parasitic
  • thick, colored sputum
  • dyspnea
  • fever
  • cough
  • rest
  • antibiotics
  • OTC analgesics
60
Q

pulmonary edema

A
  • congestive heart failure
  • myocardial infarction
  • heart valve disorder
  • drowning injury
  • orthopnea
  • dyspnea
  • wheeze
  • productive cough
  • weight gain
  • pallor
  • oxygen therapy
  • diuretics
61
Q

pulmonary embolism

A
  • blood clot blocking an artery in the lung
  • dyspnea
  • chest pain
  • cough
  • fainting
  • rapid onset of shortness of breath
  • diaphoresis
  • circulation support (compression hose)
  • rest
  • anticoagulant medication
  • surgically implanted filter
62
Q

severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)

A
  • viral
  • fever
  • headache
  • dry cough
  • rest
  • antiviral medication
63
Q

tuberculosis (TB)

A
  • bacterial
  • chronic cough
  • weight loss
  • fatigue
  • night sweats
  • painful or difficult breathing
  • isolation if symptomatic medication therapy for 6 to 12 months
64
Q

alzheimers disease

A
  • degenerative brain disease
  • genetic or environmental
  • confusion
  • memory loss
  • impaired judgement
  • personality change
  • worsens overtime
  • physical activity
  • socialization
  • medication to slow the progression
  • no cure
65
Q

bells palsy

A
  • unknown cause
  • weakness or paralysis of facial muscles
  • facial numbness
  • headache
  • NSAIDs
  • pain relievers
  • usually self resolving
66
Q

seizures

A
  • birth trauma
  • infections
  • brain injury
  • head trauma
  • drug withdrawal
  • uncontrolled muscle contractions
  • loss of consciousness
  • visual disturbances
  • medication
  • brain surgery
67
Q

meningitis

A
  • bacterial
  • viral
  • fungal
  • infection
  • inflammation of meninges
  • stiff neck
  • headache
  • fever
  • vomiting
  • appropriate medication
  • bacterial can be fatal
68
Q

multiple sclerosis (MS)

A
  • viral
  • genetic
  • immune system dysfunction
  • loss of ability to speak, walk
  • double vision
  • loss of balance
  • weakness in arm/legs
  • supportive medications to slow
  • no cure
69
Q

parkinsons disease

A
  • lack of neurotransmitters
  • brain tumors
  • drugs
  • head trauma
  • arm/leg muscle and joint stiffness
  • lack of coordination
  • tremor
  • supportive medications to slow progression
  • no cure
70
Q

stroke

A
  • blockage of artery in neck or brain
  • paralysis
  • confusion
  • memory impairment
  • symptoms can be permanent
  • physical therapy
  • occupational therapy
  • speech therapy
71
Q

migraine headache

A

hormones

  • stress
  • dietary
  • familial
  • dull to throbbing
  • head pain
  • sensitivity to light, sound, nausea, vomiting
  • visual aura
  • medications alternative methods (acupunture, biofeedback, magnesium)
72
Q

benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)

A
  • increased age
  • increased level of dihydrotestosterone
  • feeling of full bladder after urinating
  • weak urine flow
  • needing to urinate often
  • alpha blockers
  • minimally invasive surgical procedures
  • transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP)
73
Q

hydrocele

A
  • failure of inguinal ring to close properly in development
  • injury or swelling of the scrotum
  • few symptoms
  • pain
  • increased size of scrotum
  • surgery if symptomatic
74
Q

prostate cancer

A
  • unknown
  • genetics
  • pain
  • erectile dysfunction
  • dysuria
  • hormone therapy
  • radiation therapy
  • surgery
  • cryosurgery
  • chemotherapy
75
Q

sexually transmitted infections

A
  • unprotected contact with infected tissue or fluids
  • varies depending on infection/disease
  • pelvic or penile pain
  • sores
  • itching or discharge
  • dysuria
  • body rash
  • infertility
  • varies depending on infection/disease
  • medication crysurgery
  • immunizations
76
Q

endometriosis

A
  • unknown
  • almost no symptoms
  • pelvic pain especially during menses
  • painful urination and defecation
  • infertility issues
  • NSAIDs
  • gonadotropin releasing hormone
  • oral contraceptives
  • progestins
  • surgical intervention
77
Q

pelvic inflammatory disease

A
  • untreated STDs/STIs
  • multiple sexual partners
  • frequent douching
  • lower abdominal pain
  • back pain
  • fever
  • rapid pulse
  • vaginal discharge
  • pain during sex
  • antibiotic treatment
  • surgical intervention to treat scarring
78
Q

cervical cancer

A
  • particular strains of human papillomavirus (HPV)
  • abnormal vaginal bleeding
  • lower abdominal or pelvic pain
  • abnormal vaginal discharge
  • pain during sex
  • surgical intervention (partial or complete hysterectomy)
  • removal of lymph nodes in affected regions
  • chemotherapy
  • radiation therapy
79
Q

acute kidney failure

A
  • burns
  • dehydration
  • hemorrhage
  • low blood pressure
  • trauma
  • little to no urine production
  • swelling in extremities
  • mental confusion
  • coma
  • seizures
  • nose bleeds
  • increase dietary protein
  • fluid and potassium
  • intake regulation dialysis
80
Q

chronic kidney disease

A
  • diabetes
  • hypertension
  • kidney stones
  • polycystic kidney disease
  • headache
  • seizures
  • confusion
  • fatigue
  • anemia
  • abnormal heart or lung sounds
  • antibiotics
  • blood transfusion
  • control of blood pressure
  • dialysis
  • kidney transplant
81
Q

incontinence

A
  • nervous system disorders
  • urinary tract infection (UTI)
  • bladder cancer
  • prostate disorders
  • involuntary urination
  • medication
  • surgical removal of the prostate
  • kegel exercises
  • surgery
82
Q

polycystic kidney disease

A
  • enlarged kidneys due to cysts
  • inherited
  • hypertension
  • fatigue
  • anemia
  • heart murmurs
  • medication draining of cysts
  • surgical removal of kidneys
83
Q

pyelonephritis

A
  • bladder infection that spreads to kidney
  • fatigue
  • fever
  • painful urination
  • cloudy or bloody urine
  • antibiotics
84
Q

renal calculi

A
  • highly concentrate urine
  • UTI
  • gout
  • severe back or abdominal pain
  • fever
  • nausea
  • urgency
  • medication
  • surgery
  • lithotripsy
85
Q

appendicitis

A
  • idiopathic
  • inflammation of the appendix
  • RLQ pain loss of appetite nausea
  • antibiotics
  • appendectomy
86
Q

cirrhosis

A
  • scarring of liver
  • can be autoimmune
  • medication
  • alcohol
  • hepatitis B or C
  • anemia
  • fatigue
  • fever
  • enlarged liver
  • jaundice
  • weight loss
  • avoid alcohol consumption
  • antibiotics
  • diuretics
87
Q

cholelithiasis (gallstones)

A
  • insoluble cholesterol and bile salt
  • can be asymptomatic
  • radiating right upper quad pain
  • fever
  • nausea, vomiting
  • laparoscopic cholecystectomy
  • lithotripsy
88
Q

colitis (inflammation of the large intestine)

A
  • viral or bacterial infection
  • diarrhea
  • abdominal pain
  • bloating
  • treatment of underlying cause
  • surgery
89
Q

constipation (difficulty eliminating feces)

A
  • inactivity
  • lack of fiber and water in diet
  • medications
  • bloating
  • abdominal pain
  • hard feces
  • increased dietary fiber and water
  • physical activity
90
Q

crohns disease

A
  • inflammatory bowel disease
  • autoimmune
  • fever
  • joint pain
  • tender gums
  • abnormal abdominal sounds
  • constipation or diarrhea
  • intestinal bleeding
  • dietary changes antibiotics
  • surgery
91
Q

diverticulitis (abnormal outpouching of intestinal wall)

A
  • bacterial
  • viral
  • parasitic
  • constipation or diarrhea
  • bloody stools
  • abdominal pain
  • nausea
  • high fiber diet
  • antibiotics
92
Q

hemorrhoids (varicose vein of the rectum or anus)

A
  • constipation
  • straining during bowel movements
  • pelvic pressure during pregnancy, childbirth
  • itching, pain in anal area
  • blood with bowel movements
  • visible protrusion from the anus
  • high fiber diet
  • stool softeners
  • surgical removal
93
Q

hiatal hernia (part of stomach protrudes through diaphragm into chest cavity)

A
  • unknown causes
  • smoking
  • obesity
  • heart burn
  • chest pain
  • excessive burping
  • nausea, vomiting
  • weight reduction
  • medication
  • surgical repair
94
Q

stomach ulcer

A
  • bacterial infection
  • smoking
  • medication
  • nausea, vomiting
  • abdominal pain
  • antibiotics
  • antacid medication
  • surgery
95
Q

anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tear

A
  • plant and twist motion of the foot and knee
  • pain
  • swelling
  • knee buckling
  • physical exam
  • radiographic confirmation (MRI)
  • RICE
  • surgical repair
  • allograft
  • physical therapy
96
Q

concussion

A
  • head impact
  • nausea
  • loss of balance
  • disorientation
  • headache
  • physical exam
  • neurologic testing
  • CT of the brain
  • rest
  • treatment of symptoms
97
Q

muscle strain

A
  • overexertion of a muscle not properly warmed up for activity level
  • pain
  • swelling
  • tight feeling
  • physical exam
  • MRI
  • RICE
  • avoiding physical strain to the area
98
Q

epicondylitis (tennis elbow)

A
  • overuse of elbow causing tiny ligament tears
  • swelling
  • tenderness
  • grip weakness
  • physical exam
  • x-ray
  • MRI
  • rest
  • ice
  • NSAIDs
  • forearm strap
  • extended break from aggravating activity
99
Q

rotator cuff tear

A
  • repetitive stress of the shoulder joint
  • pain
  • weakness
  • inability to raise arm over head
  • physical exam
  • x-ray
  • MRI
  • rest
  • NSAIDs
  • cortisone injection to shoulder joint
  • surgery
100
Q

bone fracture

A
  • impact injury resulting in bone cracking or breaking
  • stress fractures- overuse or repetitative stress
  • pain
  • swelling
  • loss of function
  • physical exam
  • x-ray
  • CT if plain films are not clear
  • immobilization with internal or external device (Cast, splint, pins, plates, screws)
101
Q

joint dislocation (subluxations)

A
  • impact injury removing bones from the proper joint alignment
  • pain
  • loss of sensation
  • immobility
  • physical exam
  • x-ray
  • MRI
  • CT
  • realignment of bones
  • immobilization
  • physical therapy to strengthen surrounding muscles
  • surgery for repeated incidences
102
Q

diagnostic imaging that uses radiation

A
  • x-rays
  • computed tomography (CT)
  • angiography
  • mammography
  • nuclear medicine studies
103
Q

diagnostic imagine that doesnt uses radition

A
  • magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

- ultrasound

104
Q

contrast material

A
  • makes structures more radiopaque (lighter/bright) -> easier to see
  • air
  • barium
  • gadolinium
  • iodine
  • administered orally, infection or intravenously
105
Q

nuclear medicine

A
  • diagnostic imagine that involves administration of radioactive isotopes
  • collects in areas of high metabolic activity
  • SPECT scan- assess brain damage following stroke
  • PET scan- diagnose brain disorders
  • MUGA scan- evaluates condition of heart muscle
106
Q

incidence

A
  • occurrence of new diseases or cases in a specific population over a distinct time period
  • incidence of injuries can be classified into groups of people who participate in specific activities
  • ex. college athletes suffer from ACL tear more than kindergarten teachers
  • new cases*
107
Q

prevalence

A
  • proportion of population who have a particular disease at a specific point in time over a period of time
  • includes all cases while incidence is limited to only new cases
108
Q

risk factors

A
  • characteristics that make a person more likely to suffer a disease or injury
  • modifiable or nonmodifiable
  • high fat diet is a risk factor for heart disease and is modifiable
  • family history of breast cancer is a nonmodifiable risk factor
109
Q

morbidity

A
  • measure of sickness or disease within a specific population or area
  • morbidity can lead to mortality
110
Q

mortality

A
  • measure of deaths in an area of population

- morbidity can lead to mortality

111
Q

comorbidities

A
  • diseases or conditions in one person at the same time
  • often chronic
  • obesity, heart disease, and diabetes mellitus are common comorbid conditions
112
Q

upstream management

A
  • health care organizations becoming increasingly involved in the health of its population, even when patients are not in the clinic or hospitals
  • community outreach programs, education, involvement of health care organization
113
Q

endemic

A

-constantly present within a community

114
Q

epidemic

A

infectious disease spreads rapidly to a large number of people
-can turn into a pandemic if measures are not taken to keep illness under control

115
Q

pandemic

A

-world wide outbreak of a disease

116
Q

smallpox

A

-pandemic that led to first vaccine

117
Q

colorectal cancer

A

-risk factors are low fiber high fat diet, genetic, and being 55+

Medical Assistant (9 decks)

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