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Medical Assistant > Basic Pharmacology > Flashcards

Basic Pharmacology Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

antibiotic

A

-used for bacterial infection

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2
Q

black box warning

A
  • state potential new and life-threatening risks of taking specific medications
  • given by FDA
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3
Q

brand names

A
  • some brand names dont have a generic

- there can be multiple brands for a generic

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4
Q

albuterol

A

-bronchodilator

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5
Q

amlodipine besylate

A
  • antihypertensive

- calcium channel blocker

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6
Q

amoxicillin

A

antibiotic

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7
Q

aripiprazole

A

antipsychotic

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8
Q

atorvastatin

A
  • antilipemic

- statin

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9
Q

azithromycin

A

antibiotic

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10
Q

celecoxib

A

anti-inflammatory

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11
Q

cephalexin

A

antibiotic

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12
Q

ciprofloxacin

A

antibiotic

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13
Q

clopidogrel

A

antiplatelet

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14
Q

donepezil

A

anti-alzheimers

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15
Q

duloxetine

A

antidepressant

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16
Q

enoxaparin

A

anticoagulant

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17
Q

escitalopram

A

antidepressant

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18
Q

esomeprazole

A

anti-ulcer agent

-proton pump inhibitor

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19
Q

fenofibrate

A

antilipemic

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20
Q

fluticasone/salmeterol

A

antiasthma

  • glucocorticoid
  • bronchodilator
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21
Q

furosemide

A

diuretic

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22
Q

gabapentin

A

anticonvulsant

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23
Q

hydrochlorothiazide

A

diuretic

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24
Q

hydrocodone plus acetaminophen

A

opioid (narcotic) analgesic

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25
Q

insulin

A

hypoglycemic

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26
Q

levofloxacin

A

antibiotic

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27
Q

levothyroxine

A

thyroid hormone

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28
Q

lisinopril

A

antihypertensive

-ACE inhibitor

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29
Q

losartan

A

antihypertensive

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30
Q

memantine

A

anti-alzheimers

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31
Q

metformin

A

hypoglycemic

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32
Q

methylphenidate

A

central nervous system stimulant

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33
Q

metoprolol succinate

A

antihypertensive

-beta blocker

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34
Q

metoprolol tartrate

A

antihypertensive

-beta blocker

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35
Q

montelukast

A

bronchodilator

-leukotriene inhibitor

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36
Q

olanzapine

A

antipsychotic

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37
Q

omeprazole

A

anti-ulcer agent

-proton pump inhibitor

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38
Q

oxycodone

A

opioid (narcotic) analgesic

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39
Q

pioglitazone

A

hypoglycemic

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40
Q

pravastatin

A

antilipemic

-statin

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41
Q

prednisone

A

glucocorticoid

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42
Q

pregabalin

A

anticonvulsant

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43
Q

quetiapine

A

antipsychotic

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44
Q

rosuvastatin

A

antilipemic

-statin

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45
Q

sildenafil

A

erectile dysfunction agent

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46
Q

simvastatin

A

antilipemic

-statin

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47
Q

sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim

A

antibiotic

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48
Q

tramadol

A

analgesic

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49
Q

valsartan

A

antihypertensive

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50
Q

warfarin

A

anticoagulant

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51
Q

zolpidem

A

sedative-hypnotic (for sleep)

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52
Q

amp

A

ampule

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53
Q

cap

A

capsule

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54
Q

cr

A

cream

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55
Q

elix

A

elixir

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56
Q

liq

A

liquid

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57
Q

lot

A

lotion

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58
Q

sup

A

suppository

  • small, solid, cylinder
  • insertion into rectum or vagina
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59
Q

syr

A

syrup

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60
Q

tab

A

tablet

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61
Q

ung

A

ointment

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62
Q

C

A

cup, Celsius

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63
Q

ds

A

double strength

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64
Q

g, gm

A

gram

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65
Q

gr

A

grain

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66
Q

gtt

A

drop

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67
Q

kg

A

kilogram

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68
Q

L

A

liter

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69
Q

lb

A

pound

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70
Q

mcg

A

microgram

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71
Q

mEq

A

milliequivalent

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72
Q

mg

A

milligram(s)

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73
Q

mg/dL

A

milligrams per deciliter

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74
Q

oz

A

ounce

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75
Q

qt

A

quart

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76
Q

tbsp

A

tablespoon

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77
Q

tsp

A

teaspoon

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78
Q

ID

A

intradermally

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79
Q

IM

A

intramuscularly

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80
Q

inj

A

inject, injection

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81
Q

IV

A

intravenously

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82
Q

PO

A

by mouth, orally

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83
Q

PR

A

rectally

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84
Q

r, rec

A

rectally

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85
Q

subcut

A

subcutaneously

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86
Q

top

A

topically

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87
Q

a

A

before

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88
Q

ac

A

before meals

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89
Q

ad lib

A

as desired

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90
Q

AM

A

morning

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91
Q

bid

A

twice a day

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92
Q

line over c

A

with

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93
Q

d

A

daily, day

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94
Q

h, hr

A

hour

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95
Q

noct

A

night

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96
Q

pc

A

after meals

97
Q

PM

A

evening, nighttime

98
Q

PRN

A

whenever necessary

99
Q

q

A

every

100
Q

qam

A

every morning

101
Q

q4h

A

every 4 hours

102
Q

qid

A

4 times per day

103
Q

stat

A

immediately

104
Q

ut dict

A

as directed

105
Q

agit

A

shake, stir

106
Q

aq

A

water

107
Q

ASA

A

aspirin

108
Q

cmpd

A

compound

109
Q

DAW

A

dispense as written

110
Q

dil

A

dilute

111
Q

disp

A

dispense

112
Q

eq

A

equivalent

113
Q

ext

A

extract

114
Q

Fe

A

iron

115
Q

gen

A

generic

116
Q

H2O

A

water

117
Q

K

A

potassium

118
Q

MDI

A

metered-dose inhaler

119
Q

med

A

medicine

120
Q

MO

A

mineral oil

121
Q

neb

A

nebulizer

122
Q

NKA

A

no known allergies

123
Q

NPO

A

nothing by mouth (nil per os)

124
Q

N/V

A

nausea/vomiting

125
Q

OTC

A

over-the-counter

126
Q

O2

A

oxygen

127
Q

nr

A

no refills

128
Q

per

A

by means of, through

129
Q

qs

A

sufficient amount

130
Q

rept

A

repeat

131
Q

rf

A

refill(s)

132
Q

rx

A

prescription, treatment

133
Q

line over s

A

without

134
Q

sig

A

write on the label

135
Q

susp

A

suspension

-dissolves

136
Q

sx

A

symptoms

137
Q

tinc

A

tincture

-medicinal preparation in an alcohol base

138
Q

TO

A

telephone order

139
Q

tx

A

treatment

140
Q

VO

A

verbal order

141
Q

US Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA)

A
  • designates medications into 5 schedules

- 5 schedules- potential for abuse or dont have medical use

142
Q

5 schedules

A
  • sorted by therapeutic action, chemical formulation, body system, symptoms they relieve
  • a medication can be in more than one category
143
Q

gabapentin and pregabalin

A
  • anticonvulsants but also analgesics

- relieve seizures and neuropathic (nerve) pain

144
Q

hydrochlorothiazide

A
  • diuretic

- antihypertensive

145
Q

analgesics

A

relieve pain

  • acetaminophen
  • hydrocodone
146
Q

antacids/anti-ulcer

A

neutralize stomach acid

  • esomeprazole
  • calcium carbonate
147
Q

antibiotics

A

kills bacteria

  • amoxicillin
  • ciprofloxacin
148
Q

anticholinergics

A

reduce bronchospasm

  • ipratropium
  • dicyclomine
149
Q

anticoagulants

A

delay blood clotting

  • warfarin
  • enoxaparin
  • heparin
150
Q

anticonvulsants

A

prevent or control seizures

  • clonazepam
  • phenytoin
  • gabapentin
151
Q

antidepressants

A

relieve depression

  • doxepin
  • fluoxetine
  • duloxetine
  • selegiline
152
Q

antidiarrheals

A

reduce diarrhea

  • bismuth subsalicylate
  • loperamide
153
Q

antiemetics

A

reduce nausea, vomiting

  • metoclopramide
  • ondansetron
154
Q

antifungals

A

kill fungi

  • fluconazole
  • nystatin
  • micronazole
155
Q

antihistamines

A

relieve allergies

  • diphenhydramine
  • cetirizine
  • luratadine
156
Q

antihypertensives

A

lower blood pressure

  • metoprolol
  • lisinopril
  • valsartan
  • clonidine
157
Q

anti-inflammatories

A

reduce inflammation

  • ibuprofen
  • celecoxib
  • naproxen
158
Q

antilipemics

A

lower cholesterol

  • atorvastatin
  • fenofibrate
159
Q

antimigraine agents

A

relieve migraine headaches

  • topiramate
  • sumatriptan
160
Q

anti-osteoporosis agents

A

improve done density

  • alendronate
  • ibandronate
  • calcitonin
161
Q

antipsychotics

A
  • control psychotic symptoms
  • quetiapine
  • haloperidol
  • risperidone
162
Q

antipyretics

A

reduce fever

  • acetaminophen
  • ibuprofen
  • aspirin
163
Q

antispasmodics/muscle relaxants

A

reduce or prevent muscle spasms

  • cyclobenzaprine
  • methocarbamol
164
Q

antitussives/expectorants

A

control cough, promote elimination of mucus

  • dextromethorphan
  • codeine
  • guaifenesin
165
Q

antivirals

A

kill viruses

  • acyclovir
  • interferon
  • oseltamivir
166
Q

anxiolytics (antianxiety)

A

reduce anxiety

  • clonazepam
  • diazepam
  • lorazepam
167
Q

bronchodilators

A

relax airway muscles

  • albuterol
  • isoproterenol
  • theophylline
168
Q

central nervous system stimulants

A

reduce hyperactivity

  • methylphenidate
  • modafinil
169
Q

contraceptives

A

prevent pregnancy

  • medroxyprogesterone
  • acetate
  • ethinyl estradiol
170
Q

decongestants

A

relieve nasal congestion

  • pseudoephendrine
  • mometasone
171
Q

diuretics

A

eliminate excess fluid

  • furosemide
  • hydrochlorothiazide
172
Q

hormone replacement

A

stabilize hormone deficiencies

  • levothyroxine
  • insulin
  • desmopressin
  • estrogen
173
Q

laxatives, stool softeners

A

promote bowel movements

  • magnesium hydroxide
  • bisacodyl
174
Q

oral hypoglycemics

A

reduce blood glucose

  • metformin
  • acarbose
  • glyburide
175
Q

sedative-hypnotics

A

induce sleep/relaxation

  • zolpidem
  • temazepam
  • eszopiclone
176
Q

Controlled Substances Act (CSA)

A
  • 5 schedules

- controlled substances according to potential abuse and addiction

177
Q

Schedule 1

A
  • high potential for abuse
  • no approved medical use in US (cant be prescribed)
  • illegal
  • heroin, mescaline, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)
  • cannabis (in some states)
178
Q

Schedule 2

A
  • high potential for abuse
  • considered dangerous and can lead to psychological and physical dependence
  • morphine, methadone, oxycodone, hydromorphone, hydrocodone, fentanyl, methamphentamine
  • hand written prescriptions
  • no refills
  • secure, locked cabinet storage
179
Q

Schedule 3

A
  • moderate to low potential for physical and psychological dependence
  • ketamine, anabolic steroids, testosterone
  • handwritten prescription
  • may refill 5 times within 6 months
180
Q

Schedule 4

A
  • substances that have low potential for abuse and dependence
  • diazepam, zolpidem, eszopiclone, alprazolam, chlordiazepoxide, clonazepam
  • sign prescription
  • refill 5 times in 6 months
  • authorize refills over phone
181
Q

Schedule 5

A
  • contain limited quantities of some narcotics
  • antidiarrheal, antitussive, analgesic
  • diphenoxylate with atropine, pregabalin, lacosamide, opium/kaolin/pectin/belladonna
  • sign prescriptions
  • refill 5 times in 6 months
  • authorize over phone
182
Q

therapeutic effects

A

-the good effects of medication

183
Q

adverse event

A
  • unintended, harmful reaction to medications
  • allergic reaction
  • prevents further use
184
Q

contraindication

A

-symptoms or condition that makes a particular treatment or medication inadvisable or even dangerous

185
Q

precautions

A

-problems that pose a lesser risk but require close observation and monitoring during medication therapy

186
Q

indication

A

-the indication for an antihypertensive drug (for ex.) is high blood pressure

187
Q

side effects

A
  • develop predictably and unavoidably
  • not necessarily harmful
  • ex. side effect to antihistamine is sleepiness
  • different from adverse effects
188
Q

contraindication

A
  • specific situation in which a drug should not be used because it may be harmful to the person
  • most common contraindication is hypersensitivity (previous allergic rxn)
  • another contraindication is how a medication reacts with certain foods and other medications
189
Q

length measurement

A

-use for some creams

190
Q

micro

A

1/1000000 of base unit

191
Q

milli

A

1/1000 of base unit

192
Q

centi

A

1/100 of base unit

193
Q

base unit

A

1

194
Q

kilo

A

x1000 of base unit

195
Q

apothecary measurements

A
  • 15 grains= 1,000 mg
  • 1 minim = 1 drop
  • 1 dram = 60 minims = 1 tsp = 5 mL
196
Q

mg to mcg

A

.008 mg = 88 mcg

-x1000

197
Q

dosage calculation: formula method

A

desired / have

-what to give divided by what you have

198
Q

pediatric dosage

A

-use weight calculations

199
Q

body surface area (BSA)

A
  • most accurate way to calculate dose based on weight for children up to age 12
  • calculate BSA with a nomogram
  • (childs dose (BSA) x adult dose)/1.7 meters^2
200
Q

aerosols

A

inhalation

201
Q

caplets

A

oral

202
Q

capsules

A

oral

203
Q

creams

A

topical, vaginal, rectal

204
Q

drops

A

otic, ophthalmic, nasal

205
Q

dry powder for inhalation

A

inhalation

206
Q

elixirs

A

oral

207
Q

emulsions

A

oral

208
Q

foams

A

vaginal

209
Q

gels

A

oral, topical, rectal

210
Q

injectable liquids

A

IV, IM, subcut, ID

211
Q

liniments

A

topical

212
Q

lotions

A

topical

213
Q

lozenges

A

oral

214
Q

mist

A

inhalation, nasal

215
Q

ointments

A

topical, ophthalmic, otic, vaginal, rectal

216
Q

patches

A

topical (transdermal)

217
Q

powders

A

topical

218
Q

powders for reconstitution

A

IV, IM, subcut, ID

219
Q

solid extracts, fluid extracts

A

oral

220
Q

solutions

A

oral, topical, vaginal, urethral, rectal (enemas)

221
Q

sprays

A

topical, nasal, inhalation, sublingual

222
Q

steam

A

inhalation

223
Q

suppositories

A

vaginal, rectal

224
Q

suspensions

A

oral

225
Q

syrups

A

oral

226
Q

tablets

A

oral, buccal, sublingual, vaginal

227
Q

tinctures

A

oral, topical

228
Q

route of administration

A
  • included on every prescription
  • two routes:
  • enteral- through GI
  • parenteral- outside GI tract
229
Q

parenteral route

A
  • outside GI tracts
  • epidural
  • intra-arterial
  • intra-articular
  • intradermal
  • intramuscular
  • intraosseous
  • intraperitoneal
  • intrapleural
  • intrathecal
  • intravenous
  • subcutaneous
230
Q

enteral route

A
  • through GI tract
  • buccal
  • oral
  • sublingual
231
Q

other routes of administration

A
  • nasal
  • ophthalmic
  • otic
  • rectal
  • respiratory/inhaled
  • topical/transdermal
  • vaginal
  • urethral
  • not enteral or parenteral route
232
Q

pharmacokinetics

A
  • how medications move through the body
  • onset activity, peak time, duration
  • absorption
  • distribution
  • metabolism
  • excretion
233
Q

absorption

A
  • body converts medication and streams in blood
  • liquids absorb faster
  • varies with route -> IV goes directly into blood -> quicker
  • all medications end up in blood
  • how easily the medication dissolves in fat plays a role
  • surface area available for absorption (intestines are faster than stomach)
234
Q

distribution

A
  • transportation of medication
  • bloodstream -> to organs
  • blood brain barrier protects
  • passes placental barrier easily -> this is why its risky for pregnant pts to take
235
Q

metabolism

A
  • changes active forms of medication into harmless metabolites ready for excretion
  • liver, kidneys
  • age, genetics, # of medications, health affect this
  • dosages are modified for infants and older people to compensate for metabolism variation
236
Q

excretion

A
  • removal of medication metabolites from body
  • kidneys -> urine
  • feces, saliva, bile, sweat glands, breast milk, exhaled air
  • medications half life is how long it takes for processes of metabolism and excretion to eliminate half a dosage
237
Q

rights of medication administration

A
  • right patient- 2 pt identifiers
  • right medication- check 3 times
  • right dose
  • right time
  • right route
  • right assessment- ask about allergies
  • right to refuse
  • right documentation- document when you administer
  • right to know- inform about medication
238
Q

physician desk reference

A
  • available each year

- current detailed information about medication

Medical Assistant (9 decks)

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