Pathophysiology Flashcards
Contractures in the heart
Caused by Ca
Adrenogenital syndrome
Female has male secondary sex characteristics
Increase of androgens
Radiation and lymphopenia
1st 8 hrs of radiation exposure = lose a lot of lymphocytes (lymphopenia)
Radiation and leukocytosis
Increased radiation exposure after 10 hrs = neutrophillic leukocytosis
Dystrophy of the heart
Decrease strength of heart contractions
Myogenic dilation
Dystrophy of the heart
Enlargement of heart cavities
No change in outer region of heart
Tonogenic dilation
Dystrophy of the heart
Causes a change in the outer region of the heart
No change in cavities inside the heart
Transmural MI
Infarction throughout all the layers in the heart
Complications associated with Left Ventricular Insufficiency
Congestion of left atria
Edema in lungs (retrograde effect)
Complications associated with Right Ventricular Insufficiency
Lower limb edema
Ascites
Nutmeg liver
ALWAYS pulmonary hypertension
Congestion
Problem receiving blood
Blood remains in blood vessels
Stenosis of renal artery
Increased secretion of renin lead to increased production of angiotensin
Lead to increase in hypertension
2nd alteration/healing
Scar formation is a 2nd alteration/healing event
Appears as an area of necrosis, edema and hyperemia
1st alteration/healing
No scar
1 drumstick
Indicates 1 barr body
XX
E.g. in Klinefelter syndrome
Prolonged expiration whilst choking
Indicates inspiration dyspnoea
Glomerulonephritis
Inflammation of the kidney
Associated with reductions in filtration
Proteinuria will lead to edema formation
Hyperaemia induced during physical activity
Turning of ankle
Inflammation, arterial hyperemia, warmth increased
Obstructive alveolar ventilation disturbance
Asthma
COPD
Restrictive alveolar ventilation disturbance
Fibrosis
Neuromuscular/Dysregulatory alveolar ventilation disturbance
Paralysis of muscles in respiration
Problem with muscles and CNS
Protopathic pain
Acute and dull pain at the same time
E.g. During tooth extraction
Left ventricular failure
Aka acute heart failure
Linked to hypertension
Breathlessness, cyanosis of lips, skin and face
Right ventricular failure
Linked to pulmonary hypertension Lower limb edema and ascites Nutmeg liver Congestion problems Cyanotic induration of the kidneys and spleen
Neuroparalytic
WPW syndrome
Interleukin - 1
Associated with increases in body temperature
Interleukin - 2
Activates B cells and T cells
Interleukin - 3/4
Activates immunoglobulins
CI range
8.5 to 1.15
<0.85 = Iron deficiency anemia (Microcytic/hypochromic anemia)
>1.15 = B12 deficiency anemia (Megalocytic/hyperchromic anemia)
Hyperfunction of medulla region of adrenal gland
Increased adrenaline activity
Diastole in heart caused by
Heart fully relaxed
Increased K+ (Hyperkalemia)
Heart is in a repolarised state
Systole on heart caused by
Heart CONTRACTION
Increased influx of Ca into heart
Na only increases heart rate
Hydrodynamic oedema
Edema associated with heart failure
Proteinuria associated with glomerulonephritis
- Decrease in oncotic pressure
- High conc of proteins of urine
Karyotype
Confirm a genetic disorder
Restriction surface of the lungs
Indicated by fibrosis in the lungs
AVN block arrythmia
P-Q prolongation
P wave is greater than QRS (impulse from atria isnt reaching ventricles)
Thyroid hormone and hypoxia
Dysjunction
Oxidation
Phosphorylation
Extrasystole
Premature contraction in the heart
Lack of P wave and QRS deformities
Psychoemotional state and coronary artery spasm
Increased secretion adrenaline = increase spasm of the coronary artery
Hypokinetic hypertension
Increased CO
No changes in the BV resistance
Hyperkinetic hypertension
Increased general peripheral resistance
No change to CO
Eukinetic hypertension
Increases CO
Increased general peripheral resistance
Narrowing of BV and increased blood flow
Acquired hemolytic
Free haemoglobin indicates hemolytic anemia
Acquired = onset occurs later in life
Hereditary = early stages of life
Leading cause of hypertension
Stress caused by neurogenetic mechanism
Renal insufficiency
Decreased in renal function
Presence of urea in blood (convulsions)
Decreased in diuresis (Acute renal failure)
Periods of stress/physical trauma and they ask about leukocytosis
Redistribution of leukocytes to blood stream
Factor X deficiency
Type B hemophilia
Thyrotoxicosis
Tissue hypoxia
Composite immunodeficiency
Increased T cells and IgM
Brutons immunodeficiency
Increased B lymphocytes
Extrinsic pathway activation
III - VIIa - Xa
Hemophilia
X linked recessive
Pulmonary emphysema
Expiratory dyspnea
Morphine poisoning
Ventilative disregulatory respiratory failure
Blood loss
Hypovolemia
Proteinic damage
Enzyme inhibition
Renewal of filtration in nephrons
Causes polyuria intensification
Glucocorticoids
Given to prevent transplant rejection
Arterial neuroparlytic hypermia
Reddening / Increased temperature of skin after cutting a nerve
Calomel intoxication
Acute renal insufficiency
Cardiogenic shock
Disturbance of pumping ability of hearts
Viral hepatisis
Causes absolute hypoalbuminemia
Normal RBC value
3.8 - 5.5
Nephrotic syndrome
Hypoproteinemia
Dysproteinemia
Hyperlipidemia
Relative hyperproteinemia
Working in conditions of increased temperature
Types of jaundice
Hemolytic = unconjugated Mechanical = direct / conjugated Hepatic = unconjugated and conjugated
DIC syndrome
Blockage in small blood vessels (petechial haemorrhage)
Haemorrhagic syndrome
Activation of fibrinolytic system
WPW syndrome
Short P-Q int, Wide QRST complex
Hyperglycemic coma mechanism
Hyperosmia
Zollinger Ellison
Hyperacid hypersecretion
Thalasemmia
Affects Palestinians
Type I Allergy
Anaphylaxis
Atopy
Reagine
Type II Allergy
Blood transfusion incompatibility
Type III Allergy
Immune complex
E.g. Serum complex
Type IV Allergy
Cellular toxicity
E.g. Mantoux test
200 vs 500 radiation exposure
200 = Lymphopenia 500 = Neutrophilic
