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Biochemistry Flashcards

1
Q

Water soluble vitamins

A

B complex and C

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2
Q

Lipid soluble vitamins

A

A, D, E and K

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3
Q

B1 (Thiamine)

A

Def causes BeriBeri (Increased pyruvate conc)

  • Weakness
  • Memory Loss
  • Neuritis
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4
Q

B2 (Riboflavin)

A

FAD (Active form)

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5
Q

B3 (Niacin)

A

NAD (Active form)
Converts lactate to pyruvate using LDH
Def causes pellagra (Dementia, Diarrhea and Dermatitis)

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6
Q

B6 (Pyridoxine)

A

Causes decarboxylation of :

  1. Glutamate -> GABA
  2. Histidine -> Histamine
  3. Tryptophan -> Serotonin
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7
Q

Vit C (Ascorbic Acid)

A 
Def = Scurvy 
* Gingavitis 
* Ptechial hemorrhage 
* Bleeding gums 
Causes hydroxylation of lysine and proline 
Helps with collagen formation
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8
Q

Vit A ( Retinol)

A 
Cis = night blindness 
Trans = regeneration of epithelial tissue
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9
Q

Vit D3 (Calciferol)

A

Active form = calcitriol

Def = Rickets (children) / Osteomalacia (adults)

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10
Q

Vit E (Alpha Tocopherol)

A

Strongest antioxidant = protects from cancers etc

Given to pregnant women

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11
Q

Vit K (Menaquionone)

A

Activates/carboxylates coagulation factors
Def = Hemorrhage
Carboxylates glutamic acid

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12
Q

Methotrexate

A

Inhibits dihydrofolate reductase (THF isnt produced and cell division stops)
Used to treat leukemia

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13
Q

B9 in bacteria

A

Decrease under treatment with sulphonamides (Inhibits PABA)

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14
Q

Cause of pernicious anemia

A

Decrease of intrinsic factors

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15
Q

Lysosyloxidase deficiency causes?

A

Collagen destruction

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16
Q

Antioxidant vitamins

A

E, C and A

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17
Q

Vikasol treats?

A

Vit K deficiencies

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18
Q

Liver failure due to ?

A

1,25 dihydroxycholecalciferol deficiency

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19
Q

Alanine

A

Alanine -> Pyruvate (E= Alanine amino transferase)

Transports ammonia to the liver

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20
Q

Tyrosine deficiency?

A
  1. Parkinsons (decreased dopamine)
  2. Depression (decreased dop/epi/nor)
  3. Alkaptonuria (abnormal catabolism of tyrosine)
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21
Q

Dopamine synthesis occurs where?

A

Substantia nigra

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22
Q

What causes an increase of AST/ ALT?

A

Liver pathologies (e.g. Hepatitis)
Starvation (ALT increases)
MI (AST increases)

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23
Q

Malabsorption of tryptophan

A

Hartnap disease

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24
Q

Tryptophan

A

Deficiency = Pellegra
* Vit B6 converts tryptophan to B3 and serotonin
Increases serotonin

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25
Q

Erythropoietic porphyria

A

Incr/Decr of uroporphyrinogen 1

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26
Q

Cardiac arrhythmia

A

Hypokalemia

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27
Q

Hepatic cirrhosis

A

Increase hippuric acid in urine

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28
Q

What does MOA (Monoamine Oxidase) inhibit ?

A

Serotonin and noradrenaline

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29
Q

Presence of hydroxyproline/hydroxylysine

A

Collagenosis

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30
Q

Deficiency of phenyalanine?

A

Albinism

* Phenyalanine -> tyrosine -> melanin

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31
Q

Where is citrullenne found?

A

Ornithinic cycle

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32
Q

Carnitine

A

Transports FA from cytosol to mitochondria

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33
Q

Phenylketonuria

A

Olive green urine

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34
Q

Glycated hemoglobin

A

Allows to estimate glycemia rate

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35
Q

Presence of ketone bodies

A

Metabolic acidosis

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36
Q

Where is carbon labelled glucose found?

A

Palmitic Acid

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37
Q

Kalikine

A

Protein inhibited by contrical

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38
Q

Dark yellow feces

A

Unconjugated bilirubin (Jaundice)

39
Q

Colorless feces

A

Conjugated bilirubin (Jaundice)

40
Q

Cushings syndrome

A

Increase gluconeogenesis

41
Q

Timaline

A

Given for bronchopenumonia

42
Q

Creatine vs creatinine ?

A

Creatine in urine = Muscle dystrophy

Creatinine in urine = Kidney pathology (K for Kidneys - Kreatinine in krok)

43
Q

Hyperlipoproteinanemia Type 11a

A

Increased LDL

44
Q

Bile acid deficiency

A

Steatorrhoea

45
Q

Glycogenosis

A

Glycogen phosphorylase deficiency

46
Q

Insulin

A

Activates glycogen synthesis

Deactivates glycogen phosphorylase

47
Q

Haemolytic anemia

A

Due to G6P dehydrogenase deficiency

48
Q

Xanthine oxidase deficiency

A

Increased accumulation of xanthine and hypoxanthine

49
Q

Isomers

A

Same function but different function (catalyze the same reactions)

50
Q

Aldosteronism

A

Affects adrenal glands

51
Q

Endonuclease

A

Restores native DNA structure in cells

52
Q

MI

A

Increased LDH, AST and creatine phosphokinase

53
Q

Cataract

A

Glycosylation of eye proteins

54
Q

Pagets disease

A

Destroys collagen

* Increased oxyproline in urine

55
Q

Glycolysis

A

Causes lactate accumulation in muscles

56
Q

Disturbed purine metabolism

A

Increased urate conc

57
Q

Glutamic acid

A

Detoxifies NH4 in brain tissue

58
Q

Cyanide

A

Affects cytochrome oxidase in mitochondria

59
Q

CRP (C Reactive Protein) in blood

A

Rheumatism

60
Q

Ceruloplasmin

A

Carries Copper (E.g. Wilsons Disease)

61
Q

Bence Jones Proteins

A

Myeloma

aka paraproteins

62
Q

Infiltration of fat steatosis

A

Loss of phosphatidylcholine

63
Q

Calcitonin

A

Stimulates tooth mineralization

64
Q

Vit D, E, K

A

Affected by gallbladder removal / bile reduction

65
Q

Trans retoinic acid

A

Penetrates nuclear membrane

66
Q

Lysyl oxidase

A

Causes collagen issues

67
Q

Gastromucoprotein

A

Absorbs Vit B12

68
Q

Isoniazid

A

Affects VitB3 (NAD) and B6

69
Q

Choline

A

Causes fatty liver infiltration

70
Q

Purines

A

Increase uric acid

71
Q

Valine, Leucine, Isoleucine

A

BCAAs

Maple syrup disease

72
Q

Perioxidase

A

Breaks down H2O2

73
Q

Tyrosine deficiency

A

Increased homogenistic acid formation

74
Q

LDH1,2
LDH3
LDH4
LDH5

A

Heart damage
Lung damage
Kidney damage
Liver/smooth muscle damage

75
Q

S.Sonne

76
Q

Precursors for POMC

A

Lipotropin,corticotropin etc

77
Q

Cyanide

A

Affects cytochrome oxidase (aa3)

78
Q

No mitochondria

A

Anaerobic glycolysis

79
Q

No ATP synthesis

A

Membrane rest potential disappears

80
Q

Atopy

A

Asthmatic attack

81
Q

Hepatic steatosis

A

Disrupts phosphatidylcholine

82
Q

Protein starvation

A

Decreased albumins

83
Q

Lysyl oxidase

A

Issues with collagen

84
Q

Streptokinase

A

Induces platelet lysis

85
Q

Chronic alcoholism

A

Thiamine deficiency

86
Q

Deficiency of B9/B12

A

Megaloblastic anemia

Atrophy of tongue

87
Q

Absent glycogene phosphorylase in liver

A

Causes low glucose in blood stream

88
Q

Co enzyme A

A

Derived from pantothenic acid

89
Q

Cortisol

A

Glucocorticoid

90
Q

Niemann-Pick disease

A

Sphingomyelinase deficiency

91
Q

Von Gierke’s Disease

A

Absence of G6P,hypoglycemia, and hepatomegaly.

92
Q

Bromide poisoning

93
Q

Alkaptonuria

A

Black urine

KROK 1 (10 decks)

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