Pathology Test Flashcards
List the five client variables that may impact our decisions about massage therapy
Client goals, Stage of the condition, Communicability, Medications and side effects, Client resilience
Sometimes necessary to make adjustments to the way massage therapy is practiced in order to meet the needs of clients with particular challenges
Accommodation
Name a type of technique accommodation
Pressure and speed
Name a type of environmental accommodation
Temperature
Name a type of equipment accommodation
Positioning, bolsters, and other supports
Name a type of service accommodation
Help getting on or off the table, or into and out of your building
A harmful or undesired outcome from some intervention
Adverse effect
Packets of DNA or RNA wrapped in a protein coat called a capsid. Cannot replicate outside a host.
Virus
Single-celled microorganisms that can survive outside of a host
Bacteria
Rapid onset, brief, can be severe
ex broken bones
Acute
Prolonged, long-term, can be low intensity
Chronic
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease is caused by
Prions
Damage or the threat of invasion by antigens will cause an _______________ in the body
Inflammatory Response
A client comes in with a fever, asthma, or a post acute strain. Can you treat them?
Yes
What arises from the stratum basale?
New skin cells
What causes scabies and how soon after exposure are they communicable?
Mite’s cause scabies, anytime after exposure
How long can scabies mites live off a human host?
Up to three days
What are the symptoms of a mite infestation?
Itching and red lines
In regards to lice, the inflammatory response in the skin is created by
Their saliva
“Crabs” is another term for which parasites
Pubic lice
At what water temperature will head lice/nits die
131°F or 55°C for five minutes or more
What is another name for Tinea Pedis?
Athletes foot
Onychomycosis is what type of infection and where does it usually present?
Fungal infection, invades the skin under finger or toenails
All herpes viruses have this in common
Never fully leave the body
In regards to massage therapy profession hygiene practices – what should you know about the herpes virus?
Stable outside of host
When several plantar warts grow in the same area, the resulting lesion is called
Mosaic warts
Is rosacea contagious?
No
Would you make any special accommodations for a client with acne scars?
No
Seborrheic keratosis involves the hyperproliferation of
Epithelial cells
Most common type of skin cancer
Basal cell carcinoma
Doesn’t make mark on surface but tends to invade deeper tissues
Morpheaform BCC
List the traditional mnemonic to remember key features of melanoma
ABCDE
A–asymmetrical, B–border, C-color, D–diameter, E–evolving
What accommodations would you make for a client that just had surgery to remove a lesion to treat melanoma?
Varies, avoid incision area(s)
Change in local skin temperature and discoloration are early signs of
Pressure injury (AKA Bed Sores)
Define Osteoblast
Bone builders
Define osteoclast
Bone clearers/cleaners
An involuntary contraction of a voluntary muscle is called
Spasm/cramp
What three minerals does a muscle need to operate correctly?
Calcium, potassium, and magnesium
Your client has had an acute/painful spasm of the paraspinals. What is your best strategy?
Reduce pain in the affected area
Randomly arranged collagen fibers may bind up different layers of tissue that are designed to be separate
Adhesion
-Get dietary calcium from absorbable sources
-exercise
-vitamin D
-avoiding substances and behaviors that pull calcium off bones
These are the four key steps to
Avoid osteoporosis
Loss of range of motion at the shoulder without severe pain is known as
Adhesive capsulitis (frozen shoulder)
Situations where the articulating bones of a joint are not in correct relationship
Dislocation
The bones are out of optimal alignment, but the joint capsule is intact
Functional but lacks full range of motion
Subluxation
A congenital anomaly that involves the formation of an abnormal acetabulum or femoral head
Hip dysplasia
Name three symptoms of joint dislocation
Pain, swelling, loss of function
What is PFPS and what are the most common contributing factors?
Patellofemoral pain syndrome
Overuse/overloading of knee and poor alignment
Consequence of having osteophytes grow where they can put pressure on nerves
Radiculopathy
What does the acronym POLICE stand for?
protection, optimal, loading, ice compression, elevation
An idiopathic thickening and shrinking of the Palmar fascia that limits the movement of the fingers
Dupuytren’s Contracture
An imbalance between the active and passive arch stabilizers is also called
Pes Planus
Specific work to hand, wrist, forearm, shoulder, and neck may be able to manage symptoms and improve function for what condition?
Carpal tunnel
Feelings of pins and needles
Paresthesia
Local and radicular pain and paresthesia are symptoms of what condition?
Disc disease
An entrapment of nerves and/or blood vessels between the neck and axilla best describes what condition?
Thoracic outlet syndrome
When is massage contraindicated for shin splints
When there is redness, heat, swelling, and/or acute compartment syndrome
Inappropriate to change quality of those tissues.
Is appropriate to include as part of the incorporation aspect of the massage, but take extra care to not damage tissue
Numbness
What is important for therapist to notice when someone cannot verbally communicate?
Nonverbal cues about comfort and pain from these clients
Should a massage therapist advise someone to get off their medication’s without guidance of the prescribing physician
No
Progressive and fatal condition that destroys motor neurons in the central and peripheral nervous system
leading to the atrophy of voluntary muscles
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
Why is ALS often a painful condition?
Sensory neurons are left intact
Common condition that involves repetitive, involuntary, sometimes sustained contractions of skeletal muscles
Dystonia
What is the most common form of focal dystonia?
Cervical dystonia
What type of dystonia causes repetitive forceful blinking and squinting?
Blepharospasm
Infection of the brain usually caused by any of a variety of viruses
Encephalitis
What pathogens are most often associated with encephalitis?
Herpes simplex
What usually causes meningitis
Bacterial or viral infection
What are the signs and symptoms most common to post–polio syndrome?
Sudden, and sometimes extreme onset of fatigue, pain, and weakness
Neurodevelopmental disorder, resulting in difficulties with attention, movement and impulse control
ADHD
What phase of bipolar disorder resembles depression?
Depressive phase
Group of disorders that involve negative changes in emotional state
Depression
There are several factors that may contribute to Bell’s palsy, but what is the most common?
Most linked to herpes simplex virus
Define laceration (as it applies to the spinal cord injury)
The cord is partially cut
When interconnecting neurons in the brain are stimulated in a certain way, a tremendous burst of excess electricity may stimulate the neighboring neurons.
This is what happens during a
Seizure
Exchange nutrients and waste at a cellular level
Diffusion
The average adult contains about _________ of intercellular and extracellular fluid
40 Liters
Which half of the heart collects blood from the body and pumps to the lungs?
Right half
What is the systemic circuit responsible for?
Collects oxygen rich blood from the lungs and distributes to the body
Where are erythrocytes manufactured?
Red bone marrow
What is the function of the leukocytes?
Fight off invaders
What happens to thrombocytes when they become activated?
Become spiky and sticky
What is the first noticeable symptom of anemia?
Fatigue
A traveling clot or collection of debris
Embolism
A lodged clot
Thrombosis
Where does nutrient waste exchange happen?
Capillaries
Which type of hemophilia affects women and men equally?
Von Willebrand disease
All types of leukemia point to
Bone marrow dysfunction
What condition causes the RBC to collapse and lose their ability to pass easily through tiny capillaries
Sickle cell disease
What is a DVT?
Deep vein thrombosis
A permanent bulge in the wall of a blood vessel or the heart
Aneurysm
Hardening of the arteries from any cause
Atherosclerosis
Technical term for high blood pressure
Hypertension
What is considered a “normal” blood pressure?
120/80
This disease is a freestanding vasoconstriction disorder
Reynaud’s syndrome
Wear and tear, gravity, mechanical obstruction are the most reliable factors in developing
Varicose Veins
This type of varicose vein is usually harmless
Talangiectasias (Spider veins)
Where does interstitial fluid originate?
Capillary beds
A series of cleaning stations called _____ where the wastes are neutralized and small particles are filtered out
Nodes
Five mechanisms for moving lymph through the lymphatic system
Gravity, muscle contractions, alternating hot and cold hydrotherapy applications, deep breathing, and massage
Mechanisms that don’t distinguish between types of antigens
Non-specific immunity
Works to target particular antigens
Specific immunity
A collection of signs and symptoms that affect multiple systems in the body
Chronic fatigue syndrome
Used in Europe and Canada that is sometimes used as a synonym for chronic fatigue syndrome
Myalgic Encephalomyelitis
Pneumocystis Carinii, Cytomegalovirus, Kaposis Sarcoma and Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphomas are all common complications of
AIDS
Name some complications associated with Ankylosing Spondylitis
Osteoporosis, pneumonia, and heart failure
Can you work on a client with a colostomy bag?
Yes!
What system is lupus a disease of
Immune system
What accommodations would you use with a client with psoriasis?
Hypoallergenic lubricant, try working in a way to not worsen itching in affected areas
What system is rheumatoid arthritis a disease of?
Immune system
Autoimmune disease in which inflammation stimulates fibroblasts in small blood vessels to produce abnormal amounts of collagen
Scleroderma
Name some complications associated with scleroderma
Embolism, heart failure, and renal failure
The outer surfaces of the lungs are covered with a double-walled serous membrane called
Pleura
How many times per minute does air cycle through the lungs?
12 to 20 times
The common cold is caused by bacteria or virus?
Virus
What other species, besides humans can get a common cold?
Chimpanzees and other higher primates
When was the “Spanish flu” active and how many people did it kill?
1918 to 1921, more than 30 to 40 million worldwide
Scar tissue that can develop between layers of the pleurae, leading to pain and limited movement with each breath due to extreme infection
Pleurisy
Restricted to one lobe of the lungs
Type of pneumonia by area
Lobar pneumonia
What accommodation would you provide a client suffering from Sinusitis?
Semi reclined position to avoid congestion and discomfort
What does COPD stand for?
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Can chronic bronchitis be reversed?
No
Chronic bronchitis-What structures are destroyed?
Elastic fibers
What accommodations would you provide a client suffering from emphysema?
Offer side lying, semi reclined or use a massage chair
Inadequate warming, filtering, moistening of the air taken in causes
Exercise-induced asthma
What type of cancer is called “oat cell carcinoma”
Small cell lung cancer
What is the name of the disease associated with gluten sensitivity?
Celiac disease
What accommodations would you make for a client who is recovering from esophageal cancer?
None, work normally
What is Cholera?
Oregon Trail
Deadly form of Gastroenteritis
What accommodations would you make for a client who has recovered from gastroenteritis
None, work normally
What does GERD stand for?
Gastroesophageal reflux disease
What accommodations would you make for a client who has symptom-free peptic ulcer?
None, it is resolved since symptom-free
What does SIBO stand for?
Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth
Accounts for 90 to 95% of all stomach cancer diagnosis
Adenocarcinoma
Explain what happens to create anemia in colorectal cancer
Tumors can bleed slowly, but continuously into the colon making less iron and therefore less oxygen available to body cells
Condition of the small intestine or colon in which the mucosal and submucosal layers of G.I. tract bulge through the outer muscular layer to form a sack or diverticulum
Diverticular disease
Name the types of irritable bowel syndrome
IBS– D, C, M, and U
What are the internationally recognized symptoms of IBS?
Recurrent abdominal pain at least three days every month, pain with defecation, changes in frequency and changes in stool appearance
Cirrhosis is when the crowding out and replacement of healthy _____ _____ with non-functioning _____
Liver Cells, Scar Tissue
Early signs/symptoms of cirrhosis
Nausea, vomiting, weight loss and the development of red or itchy patches on the skin
What is it called when the spleen can’t drain due to portal hypertension and becomes enlarged?
Splenomagaly
When enzymes that aid in protein metabolism are in short supply
A cirrhosis patient may experience progressive atrophy of the skeletal muscles
Muscle Wasting
A sign that the liver is not processing Bilirubin, accumulates in the bloodstream at the eyes and skin in a yellowish tint
Jaundice
Hepatitis is a _____ disease of the _____
Viral, Liver
What is the function of the hypothalamus?
Maintaining homeostasis or a stable internal environment and it does this through electrical and chemical means
The master gland is also known as
Pituitary gland
What are peptides?
Most common type of hormone
Name two types of amines
Adrenaline and thyroxine
What are the hormones triiodothyronine and thyroxine responsible for?
Stimulate the metabolism of fuel into energy
Parathyroid hormone is an antagonist to what thyroid secretion?
Calcitonin
Excessive sugar in the blood
Hyperglycemia
Frequent urination
Polyuria
Lack of capillary circulation, and excessive sugar in the blood both contribute to
Nerve damage
Tingling or pain and eventual numbness is called
Peripheral neuropathy
Critical shortage of insulin and lack of glucose in the cells of people with type one diabetes
Ketoacidosis
Condition in which the thyroid gland produces excessive amounts of hormones that stimulate metabolism of fuel into energy
Hyperthyroidism
Autoimmune hyperthyroidism, most common form of this condition
Graves’ disease
Development of a benign tumor or thyroid nodule, and it is related to chronic iodine deficiency
Toxic adenoma
Condition in which circulating levels of thyroid hormones are abnormally low
Hypothyroidism
What is the most common cause of hypothyroidism?
Iodine deficiency
People with metabolic syndrome are at a high risk of developing
Type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, fatty liver disease, and some types of cancer
What is the most common and most successful weight loss treatment for obesity?
Weight loss surgery
Identify the structures involved in the first contact of fluid between the cardiovascular system and the urinary system
Glomerulus and Bowman’s Capsule
What hormone helps to manage blood pressure?
Renin
A hormone that stimulates red blood cell production
Erythropoietin
What is renal calculi or nephrolithiasis
Kidney stones
What is the most common type of kidney stones?
Calcium stones
An infection of the nephrons in the kidney, although the renal pelvis may also be involved
Pyelonephritis
What are the signs and symptoms of acute pyelonephritis?
Fever, burning and frequent urination, back pain, nausea
Is it appropriate to provide bodywork to a client that is currently battling Pyelonephritis?
No, only after treatment
What is the most common form of renal cancer?
Renal cell carcinoma
Age, the presence of diabetes or hypertension, cardiovascular disease, obesity, high cholesterol, lupus, and any family history of kidney disease are all major risk factors for
Renal failure
What are some signs/symptoms of a UTI?
Painful, burning urination, a frequent need to urinate, reduced bladder capacity, urinary urgency and blood tinged or cloudy urine
The pituitary and ovaries produce hormones that control the
Female reproductive cycle
Technical term for painful menstrual periods
Dysmenorrhea
When does primary dysmenorrhea usually start?
Within three months of menarche (the first menstrual cycle)
What are “chocolate” Cyst a characteristic of
A later state of endometriosis (10+ years of growth)
Are fibroids contraindicated for massage?
No
What is the percentage of uterine cancer diagnoses?
Endometrial cancer accounts for about 92% of all diagnoses
Radiation applied from surgically implanted pellets
Brachytherapy
Is prostate cancer contraindicated for massage?
No
When is massage therapy okay for a client that has chosen to use brachytherapy as a course of treatment?
Until after pellets have been removed
What type of Prostatitis is considered an idiopathic condition?
Type 3B, non-inflammatory chronic pelvis pain syndrome
Is massage therapy contraindicated for a client with chronic bacterial prostatitis while on antibiotics?
No, but client needs to finish their antibiotics
What is a frequent complication of an STI in both men and women?
Infertility
What would painless blood in urine/stool, a thickening in tissue or post menopausal spotting/bleeding indicate?
Possible early signs of cancer
How differentiated the cells are and the propensity for proliferation or aggressiveness
Tumor cell grading
Works to support the immune system in various ways to identify and fight cancer more aggressively
Biologic therapy
