Pathology - reproductive system

Question 1

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)

Answer 1

• causes: increased age/level of dihydrotestosterone
• sx: feeling of full bladder after urinating, weak urine flow, needing to urinate often
• tx: alpha blockers, minimally invasive surgical procedures, transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP)

Question 2

Hydrocele

Answer 2

• causes: failure of inguinal ring to close properly in development, injury/swelling of the scrotum
• sx: few sx, pain, increased size of scrotum
• tx: surgery if symptomatic

Question 3

Prostate cancer

Answer 3

• causes: unknown, genetics
• sx: pain, erectile dysfunction, dysuria
• tx: hormone/radiation therapy, surgery, cryosurgery, chemotherapy

Question 4

Sexually transmitted infections

Answer 4

• causes: unprotected contact with infected tissue/fuild
• sx: varias depending on infection/disease, pelvic or penile pain, sores, itching/discharge, dysuria, body rash, infertility
• tx: varies depending on infection/disease, meds, cryosurgery, immunizations

Question 5

Endometriosis

Answer 5

• causes: unknown
• sx: rarely no symptoms, pelvic pain during menses, painful urination/defecation, inferility issues
• tx: NSAIDs, gnadotropin-releasing hormone agonists, oral contraceptives, progestins, surgical intervention

Question 6

Pelvic inflammatory disease

Answer 6

• causes: untreated STDs/STIs, multiple sexual partners, frequent douching
• sx: lower abd pain, back pain, fever, rapid pulse, vaginal discharge, pain during sex
• tx: abx treatment, surgical invervention to treat scarring

Question 7

Cervical cancer

Answer 7

• causes: particular strains of human papillomavirus (HPV)
• sx: abnormal vaginal bleeding, lower abd or pelvic pain, abnormal vaginal discharge, pain during sexual intercouse
• tx: surgical intervention (partial/complete hysterectomy, removal of lymph nodes in affected regions), chemotherapy, radiation therapy