Pathology - Repair and Regeneration

Question 1

what 3 things may cause irreversible damage to the cell

Answer 1

damage to cell membrane/mitochondria
leakage of enzymes
ATP changes

Question 2

cells are either labile, stabile, permanent, or stem cells, give an example of each and their characteristics

Answer 2

labile - GI, bone marrow, can proliferate
Stabile - hepatocytes, endothelium, can proliferate
Permanent - neurones, unable to proliferate
Stem - pluripotent

Question 3

fibrous scar tissue is the organisation of

Answer 3

granulation tissue

Question 4

myofibroblasts cause

Answer 4

wound contraction

Question 5

define neoplasia

Answer 5

abnormal mass of tissue, uncoordinated with normal tissue

Question 6

2 examples of benign neoplasia

Answer 6

adenoma - glands

papilloma - skin wart

Question 7

3 characteristics of benign neoplasia

Answer 7

no necrosis
Nucleus:Cytoplasm ratio normal
Minimal pleomorphism (Change in size/shape)

Question 8

carcinoma
carcinoma in situ
sarcoma
each are malignant, define

Answer 8

carcinoma - cancer of epithelial cell
in situ - confined
sarcoma - cancer of mesenchymal cell

Question 9

3 characteristics of malignant neoplasia

Answer 9

necrosis common
N:C ratio increased
pleomorphic

Question 10

define dysplasia, what is it and what is seen

Answer 10

disordered growth
pre-malignant process
cell changes

Question 11

term given for formation of new, abnormal blood vessels, when is this seen

Answer 11

angiogenesis

successfully growing tumours develop ability for angiogenesis, creates own vasculature

Question 12

metastasis can either be lymphatic or haemotgenous, define each and give an example of cancer where this is seen

Answer 12

lymphatic - via lymph nodes, carcinoma

haematogenous - via blood, sarcoma

Question 13

what are mesenchymal cells

Answer 13

multipotent stem cells which can differentiate into various types
bone/cartilage/fat/muscle are mesenchymal cells

Question 14

cancer is a stepwise progression. Initiation, promotion, persistence, detail what happens at each step

Answer 14

1 - 1st mutation (oncogene, tumour suppressors, DNA repair, apoptosis evasion
2 - further accumulation of mutation
3 - unregulated abnormal growth, mallignancy

Question 15

associated mutation of RAS (GTP binding) oncogene

Answer 15

colon
lung
pancreatic 
bladder 
renal 
melanoma

Question 16

50% of melanomas are due to mutation in

Answer 16

RAF

also some colonic malignancies

Question 17

lymphoma, neuroblastoma small cell carcinoma of lung are due to a mutation in

Answer 17

Myc (purpose is to promote DNA replication)

Question 18

P13K is the most common mutated kinase in cancer, where is this located

Answer 18

inside nucleus at transcription

Question 19

p53 is a tumour suppressor, what are its normal functions 2

Answer 19

cell cycle arrest

induce apoptosis

Question 20

p27 can proliferate in an uncontrolled fashion if there is no/mutated

Answer 20

PTEN

Question 21

mutation in DNA repair genes BRCA 1 and BRCA 2 are associated with what type of cancer

Answer 21

breast cancer

Question 22

evasion of apoptosis is due to the switching off of

Answer 22

Bcl2

Question 23

benign/malignant would look like

Answer 23

bening - round, smooth

malignant - rough, nasty

Question 24

2 examples of cancers affecting squamous cells, state which would be malignant

Answer 24

papilloma

squamous cell carcinoma - malignant

Question 25

2 examples of glandular cancers, state which would be malignant

Answer 25

adenoma

adenocarcinoma - malignant

Question 26

t/f sarcomas are always malignant

Answer 26

true

Question 27

what are paraneoplastic syndromes

Answer 27

rare disorders, due to altered immune response to neoplasm. non-metastatic