Pathology - Repair and Regeneration Flashcards
what 3 things may cause irreversible damage to the cell
damage to cell membrane/mitochondria
leakage of enzymes
ATP changes
cells are either labile, stabile, permanent, or stem cells, give an example of each and their characteristics
labile - GI, bone marrow, can proliferate
Stabile - hepatocytes, endothelium, can proliferate
Permanent - neurones, unable to proliferate
Stem - pluripotent
fibrous scar tissue is the organisation of
granulation tissue
myofibroblasts cause
wound contraction
define neoplasia
abnormal mass of tissue, uncoordinated with normal tissue
2 examples of benign neoplasia
adenoma - glands
papilloma - skin wart
3 characteristics of benign neoplasia
no necrosis
Nucleus:Cytoplasm ratio normal
Minimal pleomorphism (Change in size/shape)
carcinoma
carcinoma in situ
sarcoma
each are malignant, define
carcinoma - cancer of epithelial cell
in situ - confined
sarcoma - cancer of mesenchymal cell
3 characteristics of malignant neoplasia
necrosis common
N:C ratio increased
pleomorphic
define dysplasia, what is it and what is seen
disordered growth
pre-malignant process
cell changes
term given for formation of new, abnormal blood vessels, when is this seen
angiogenesis
successfully growing tumours develop ability for angiogenesis, creates own vasculature
metastasis can either be lymphatic or haemotgenous, define each and give an example of cancer where this is seen
lymphatic - via lymph nodes, carcinoma
haematogenous - via blood, sarcoma
what are mesenchymal cells
multipotent stem cells which can differentiate into various types
bone/cartilage/fat/muscle are mesenchymal cells
cancer is a stepwise progression. Initiation, promotion, persistence, detail what happens at each step
1 - 1st mutation (oncogene, tumour suppressors, DNA repair, apoptosis evasion
2 - further accumulation of mutation
3 - unregulated abnormal growth, mallignancy
associated mutation of RAS (GTP binding) oncogene
colon lung pancreatic bladder renal melanoma
50% of melanomas are due to mutation in
RAF
also some colonic malignancies
lymphoma, neuroblastoma small cell carcinoma of lung are due to a mutation in
Myc (purpose is to promote DNA replication)
P13K is the most common mutated kinase in cancer, where is this located
inside nucleus at transcription
p53 is a tumour suppressor, what are its normal functions 2
cell cycle arrest
induce apoptosis
p27 can proliferate in an uncontrolled fashion if there is no/mutated
PTEN
mutation in DNA repair genes BRCA 1 and BRCA 2 are associated with what type of cancer
breast cancer
evasion of apoptosis is due to the switching off of
Bcl2
benign/malignant would look like
bening - round, smooth
malignant - rough, nasty
2 examples of cancers affecting squamous cells, state which would be malignant
papilloma
squamous cell carcinoma - malignant
2 examples of glandular cancers, state which would be malignant
adenoma
adenocarcinoma - malignant
t/f sarcomas are always malignant
true
what are paraneoplastic syndromes
rare disorders, due to altered immune response to neoplasm. non-metastatic
