Histology - Anatomy of Cell Flashcards
4 components of eukaryotic cells
outer membrane
inner cytosol (proteins, electrolytes, carbohys)
cytoskeleton
membrane bound organelles
what is cytoskeleton made from, what does it determine
filaments and microtubules
determine shape add fluidity of cells
plasmalemma is the phospholipid biilayer, this separates
cytoplasm from outside environment
t/f phospholipid bilayer consists of a hydrophilic tail at centre and a hydrophobic head at outer surface
false
hydrophilic head at outer
hydrophobic tail at centre
characteristics of the plasmalemma
integral proteins
embedded cholesterol
exo/endocytose material
selectively permeable
the cytoplasm consists of a mitochondria, rough ER, smooth ER, Golgi Apparatus, Lysosomes and a nucleus. Explain function of each
`mitochondria - energy rough ER - proteins smooth ER - cholesterol/lipids Golgi - modifying/packaging secretions Lysosomes - intracellular digestion Nucleus - genetic code
cytoskeleton composes of microfilaments, intermediate fiilaments and microtubules, what does each consist of
microfilaments - actin
intermediates - proteins
microtubules - tubulin
t/f dyneiin and kinesin attach to actin and move along
false - attach to microtubules (tubulin)
where is the site of RNA synthesis
nucleus
ribosomes are formed in nucleus, what is their function
catalyses formation of peptide bonds ##
characteristics of rough ER
studded with ribosomes (protein synthesis)
t/f smooth ER continues processing of protein
true
also site of lipid symthesis
where is cisternae found
golgi apparatus
t/f some proteins/lipids synthesised in mitochondria
true
occluding junctions is also known as tight junctions and is one of the 3 intracellular junctions. What does it links form
diffusion barrier
preventing diffusion
adherent junctions are anchors and provide mechanical strength. What do they link
submembrane actin of adjacent cells
cadherin molecules bind to what (2) (anchors)
themselves and to actin of cytoskeleton
how do desmosomes form anchor junctions
submembrane intermediate filaments of adjaceents cells
name of link for submembrane intermediate filaments of cells to extracelllular matrix through transmembrane proteins
Hemidesmosomes
epithelium all have a basal lamina, what is this
attachment area (permeability area in glomerulus function)
epithelium can be described as either squamous, cuboidal, columnar. explain structure of each
squamous - flattened
cuboidal - cube
columnar - tall, thin
the layers of epithelium can be classified as either simple, stratified, or pseudostratified. Explain each
simple - one layer
stratified - 2+ layers
pseudostratified - tissue has multiple layers but all cells in contact with basal lamina
depending on tissue, there may be specialisations on the cell surface of epithelium. give 3 examples and what they are
microvilli - protrustions, incr surface area
cilia - hair, sweeps
keratinised - fibrous structural protein, protection
specialised cells may be present. In the lower respiratory travt what specialised cells are located
goblet cells
glandular epithelia has both endocrine and exocrine secretion. What direction does each secrete, and describe glands
endocrine - towards basal end
ductless glands
(distributed by vascular)
exocrine - towards apical
ducted glands
hyaline is a type of cartilage. Where is this located
tracheal rings
costal cartilage
epiphyseal growth plates
articular surface
bone consists of an outer shell of cortical bone, making the shaft, and the cancellous bone which occupies each end. Name for each
diaphysis
epiphyses
how is force created in muscle
movement of actin over myosin fibres
difference between smooth and cardiac muscle
smooth - non-striated
cardiac - striated
both involuntary
which type of muscle have intercalated discs whihc contain mulltiple intracellular junctions to maintain mechanical integrity
cardiac
name for connective tissue coating of neurones in CNS/PNS
CNS - meninges
PNS - epineurium
function of astrocytes in nervous tissue
ion transport
shwann cells (PNS) and oligodendrocytes produce
myelin
schwann cells also support axons
microglia are the
primary immune cells of brain (like macrophages)
function of glial cells
provide support for neurones
produce myelin
