Pathology - Inflammation

Question 1

define aetiology

Answer 1

causative element in disease

Question 2

necrosis is said to be the death of tissue, pathological and elicits adjacent tissue response. State the patterns of necrosis (6), and example of each

Answer 2

coagulative - proteins coagulate, preserves cell (MI)

colliquative - necrotic material softens and liquefies (Pus) no cell structure (Brain necrosis)

caseous - cheese like (TB)

gangrenous - necrosis followed by infection, anaerobic bacteria may grow

fibrinoid - fibre deposition (malignant hypertension)

fat necrosis - lypase releases fatty acids frrom triglYs, forms white chalky solids with calcium (acute pancreatitis)

Question 3

necrosis - requires energy?

Answer 3

no

Question 4

t/f apoptosis may be physiological

Answer 4

true, can be part of normal growth as well as pathological

Question 5

P53 is a protein and if lost can lead to the development of

Answer 5

cancer

Question 6

what does p53 stimulate if DNA cannot be repaired, using what enzyme to induce

Answer 6

apoptosis

caspases

Question 7

function of telomeres

Answer 7

adds on TTAGGG to chromosomes (get smaller after each division)
prevents cell death

Question 8

how does cancer interact with telomeres

Answer 8

reactivates to allow continual division

Question 9

2 factors which may cause a loss of membrane integrity

Answer 9

ion pump failure
- disruption of membrane
lipid alteration
- cross-linking of membrane proteins

Question 10

free radicals (O2 particular) cause a chain reaction leading to lipid peroxidation, what is this and what does it do

Answer 10

free radicals steal electrons from lipids, leading to cellular breakdown by loss of membrane integrity

Question 11

what protects against radicals

Answer 11

anti-oxidants

Question 12

what 5 things can form radicals

Answer 12

drugs
o2 toxicity
reperfusion injury 
inflammation 
intracellular killing of bacteria

Question 13

acute inflammation can be divided into the vascular phase and the exudative/cellular phase, outline each

Answer 13

vascular - dilation and incr. permeability

exudative - fluid and cells escape from permeable venules

Question 14

what can be used as a diagnostic feature of an acute inflammation

Answer 14

concentration of neutrophils in extracellular space

Question 15

beneficial effects of acute inflammation

Answer 15

toxin dilution 
antibodies enter
fibrin formed
drug transport
oxygen/nutrient delivery
immune response

Question 16

adverse effects of acute inflammation

Answer 16

digestion of normal tissue
swelling - incr pressure
may develop inappropriately (type `1 -asthma)

Question 17

what causes the heat characteristic associated with inflammation

Answer 17

increased blood flow through region

Question 18

define margination

Answer 18

loss of intravascular fluid and increased plasma viscosity

allows neutrophils into plasma (venules only)

Question 19

3 molecules which increase surface adhesion molecule expression

Answer 19

TNF-alpha
Complement C5a
Leukotriene B2

Question 20

IL-1Endotoxins
TNF
these all increase expression of

Answer 20

adhesion molecules by endothelial cells

Question 21

what stimulates release of histamine by mast cells

Answer 21

C5a and C3a

lysosomal proteins released by neutrophils also

Question 22

2 functions of prostaglandins

Answer 22

incr vascular permeability

stimulate platelet aggregation

Question 23

serotonin

Answer 23

increases vascular permeability

Question 24

define suppuration

Answer 24

formation of pus

Question 25

likely macroscopic appearances of chronic ulcer

Answer 25

breach in mucosa
granulation tissue lines base
fibrous tissue extends through muscle

Question 26

other than a chronic ulcer, what other macroscopic appearances are there of chronic inflammation 4

Answer 26

chronic abscess cavity
thickening of wall - fibrous tissue
granulomatous
fibrosis

Question 27

2 examples of granulomatous diseases

Answer 27

TB

crohn’s

Question 28

chronic inflammation is favoured if (4)

Answer 28

suppuration
persistence of injury (foreign object)
infectious agent present
certain injury (autoimmune, transplant rejection

Question 29

the presence of which cells characterise chronic inflammation

Answer 29

macrophages

lymphocytes