PATHOLOGY - Patterns of Lung Disease

Question 1

What is pneumonia?

Answer 1

Inflammation of the lungs

Question 2

What are the six classifications of pneumonia?

Answer 2

Suppurative pneumonia
Fibrinous pneumonia
Aspiration pneumonia
Haematogenous pneumonia
Interstitial pneumonia
Granulomatous pneumonia

Question 3

What are the four routes of entry for disease inducing agents to cause pneumonia?

Answer 3

Aerogenous
Aspiration
Haematogenous
Direct entry

Question 4

Describe the lesion distribution associated with aerogenous route of entry

Answer 4

Cranioventral lesion distribution

Question 5

Describe the pathogenesis of bronchopneumonia

Answer 5

Bronchopneumonia is the acute inflammation of the bronchiolar muscosa resulting in the exudation of fluid and plasma proteins into the bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli, triggering alveolar macrophages and neutrophils

Question 6

What is the route of entry for bronchopneumonia?

Answer 6

Aerogenous

Question 7

What are the two most common aetiologies of bronchopneumonia?

Answer 7

Bacteria
Mycoplasma

Question 8

What are the two main classifications of bronchopneumonia?

Answer 8

Suppurative bronchopneumonia
Fibrinous bronchopneumonia

Question 9

List four bacterial species which can cause suppurative pneumonia

Answer 9

Pasteurella
Bordetella
Streptococcus
E. coli

Question 10

What is the gross appearance of suppurative bronchopneumonia?

Answer 10

Cranio-ventral distributed consolidated (firm), dark red lung with purulent exudate within the bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli

Question 11

What is the most predominant cell seen in a histological sample of suppurative bronchopneumonia?

Answer 11

Neutrophils (neutrophilia)

Question 12

What are the characteristic signs of chronic suppurative bronchopneumonia?

Answer 12

Lymphocytosis
Peribronchial cuffing
Bronchiolar goblet cell metaplasia
Bronchiectasis

Question 13

What is peribronchial cuffing?

Answer 13

Bronchial associated lymphoid tissue (BALT) hyperplasia

Question 14

What is bronchiolar goblet cell metaplasia?

Answer 14

Differentiation of bronchiole epithelial cells into goblet cells leading to mucus hypersecretion

Question 15

Why is there bronchiolar goblet cell metaplasia in response to chronic pneumonia?

Answer 15

Bronchiolar goblet cell metaplasia allows for hyperseceretion of mucus to attempt to remove the pathogen from the lungs via the mucocilliary carpet

Question 16

What is bronchiectasis?

Answer 16

Bronchiectasis is the plugging, widening and destruction of the distal airways caused by the hypersecretion of mucus

Question 17

What is chronic enzootic pneumonia?

Answer 17

Chronic suppurative bronchopneumonia with a multifactorial aetiology

Question 18

What is another name for chronic enzootic pneumonia?

Answer 18

Cuffing pneumonia

Question 19

What is the gross appearance of fibrinous bronchopneumonia?

Answer 19

Cranioventral distribution of white, consolidated (firm) swollen lung covered in fibrin

Question 20

What is the histological appearance of fibrinous bronchopneumonia?

Answer 20

Protein (fibrin) rich oedema in the bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli

Question 21

What is shipping fever?

Answer 21

Acute fibrinous bronchopneumonia with a multifactorial aetiology

Question 22

What is the most common bacteria involved in shipping fever?

Answer 22

Mannhaemia haemolytica

Question 23

What are the two main causes of aspiration bronchopneumonia?

Answer 23

Regurgitated rumen content
Improper nasogastric tubing

Question 24

Describe the disease progression of aspiration bronchopneumonia?

Answer 24

Aspiration bronchopneumonia usually begins as a mild suppurative bronchipneumonia which rapidly progresses so a severe necrotising bronchopneumonia

Question 25

Describe the lesion distribution associated with haematogenous route of entry

Answer 25

Multifocal lesions

Question 26

What is the underlying aetiology of haematogenous pneumonia?

Answer 26

Suppurative inflammation elsewhere in the body spread haematogenously to the lungs

Question 27

Name two conditions which predispose cattle to haematogenous pneumonia

Answer 27

Endocarditis Hepatic abscess

Question 28

Why is it so important to not leave a venous catheter in for too long?

Answer 28

If venous catheters are left in for too long, thrombi will form around the catheter and become a site of infection which can then spread haematogenously to the lungs and cause haematogenous pneumonia

Question 29

What are the two routes of entry for granulomatous pneumonia?

Answer 29

Aerogenous Haematogenous

Question 30

What are the two most common aetiologies of granulomatous pneumonia?

Answer 30

Fungi Mycobacteria

Question 31

Give a specific example of mycobacteria which can cause granulomatous pneumonia?

Answer 31

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Question 32

What is the gross appearance of granulomatous pneumonia?

Answer 32

Multifocal nodular foci composed of white/tan crumbly material

Question 33

What is the histological appearance of granulomatous pneumonia?

Answer 33

Macrophages Multinucleate giant cells

Question 34

What is interstitial pneumonia?

Answer 34

Inflammation of the lung interstitium

Question 35

What are the two routes of entry for interstitial pneumonia?

Answer 35

Aerogenous Haematogenous

Question 36

What are the four common aetiologies of interstitial pneumonia?

Answer 36

Virus Toxin Allergen Sepsis

Question 37

What is the gross appearance of interstitial pneumonia?

Answer 37

Diffuse, enlarged lungs that will not deflate and often have rib impressions

Question 38

What is the histological appearance of interstitial pneumonia?

Answer 38

Oedema in the interstitium Neutrophils Macrophages Hyaline membrane formation

Question 39

Name a specific form of interstitial pneumonia seen in sheep

Answer 39

Ovine progressive pneumonia (OPP)

Question 40

What causes Ovine progressive pneumonia (OPP)?

Answer 40

Maedi-visna virus

Question 41

What is pleuritis?

Answer 41

Inflammation of the pleura

Question 42

What is the collective name for primary pulmonary neoplasms?

Answer 42

Pulmonary adenocarcinoma

Question 43

What is feline lung-digit syndrome?

Answer 43

Feline lung-digit syndrome is a pulmonary adenocarcinoma which clinically presents as a metastases lesion in the digits

Question 44

What is Jaagsiekte?

Answer 44

Jaagsiekte is ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma caused by Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus

Question 45

How does the Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus cause a hypersecretion of surfactant?

Answer 45

Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus infects and causes neoplastic transformation of the type II pneumocytes and club cells, leading to the hypersecreation of surfactant

Question 46

Which test can be used to identify Jaaksiekte?

Answer 46

Wheelbarrow test where the hind limbs are elevated and the head is lowered to see if surfactant flows from the nostrils