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MODULE 9 - Respiratory System > PATHOLOGY - Patterns of Lung Disease > Flashcards

PATHOLOGY - Patterns of Lung Disease Flashcards

1
Q

What is pneumonia?

A

Inflammation of the lungs

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2
Q

What are the six classifications of pneumonia?

A

Suppurative pneumonia
Fibrinous pneumonia
Aspiration pneumonia
Haematogenous pneumonia
Interstitial pneumonia
Granulomatous pneumonia

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3
Q

What are the four routes of entry for disease inducing agents to cause pneumonia?

A

Aerogenous
Aspiration
Haematogenous
Direct entry

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4
Q

Describe the lesion distribution associated with aerogenous route of entry

A

Cranioventral lesion distribution

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5
Q

Describe the pathogenesis of bronchopneumonia

A

Bronchopneumonia is the acute inflammation of the bronchiolar muscosa resulting in the exudation of fluid and plasma proteins into the bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli, triggering alveolar macrophages and neutrophils

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6
Q

What is the route of entry for bronchopneumonia?

A

Aerogenous

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7
Q

What are the two most common aetiologies of bronchopneumonia?

A

Bacteria
Mycoplasma

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8
Q

What are the two main classifications of bronchopneumonia?

A

Suppurative bronchopneumonia
Fibrinous bronchopneumonia

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9
Q

List four bacterial species which can cause suppurative pneumonia

A

Pasteurella
Bordetella
Streptococcus
E. coli

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10
Q

What is the gross appearance of suppurative bronchopneumonia?

A

Cranio-ventral distributed consolidated (firm), dark red lung with purulent exudate within the bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli

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11
Q

What is the most predominant cell seen in a histological sample of suppurative bronchopneumonia?

A

Neutrophils (neutrophilia)

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12
Q

What are the characteristic signs of chronic suppurative bronchopneumonia?

A

Lymphocytosis
Peribronchial cuffing
Bronchiolar goblet cell metaplasia
Bronchiectasis

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13
Q

What is peribronchial cuffing?

A

Bronchial associated lymphoid tissue (BALT) hyperplasia

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14
Q

What is bronchiolar goblet cell metaplasia?

A

Differentiation of bronchiole epithelial cells into goblet cells leading to mucus hypersecretion

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15
Q

Why is there bronchiolar goblet cell metaplasia in response to chronic pneumonia?

A

Bronchiolar goblet cell metaplasia allows for hyperseceretion of mucus to attempt to remove the pathogen from the lungs via the mucocilliary carpet

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16
Q

What is bronchiectasis?

A

Bronchiectasis is the plugging, widening and destruction of the distal airways caused by the hypersecretion of mucus

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17
Q

What is chronic enzootic pneumonia?

A

Chronic suppurative bronchopneumonia with a multifactorial aetiology

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18
Q

What is another name for chronic enzootic pneumonia?

A

Cuffing pneumonia

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19
Q

What is the gross appearance of fibrinous bronchopneumonia?

A

Cranioventral distribution of white, consolidated (firm) swollen lung covered in fibrin

20
Q

What is the histological appearance of fibrinous bronchopneumonia?

A

Protein (fibrin) rich oedema in the bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli

21
Q

What is shipping fever?

A

Acute fibrinous bronchopneumonia with a multifactorial aetiology

22
Q

What is the most common bacteria involved in shipping fever?

A

Mannhaemia haemolytica

23
Q

What are the two main causes of aspiration bronchopneumonia?

A

Regurgitated rumen content
Improper nasogastric tubing

24
Q

Describe the disease progression of aspiration bronchopneumonia?

A

Aspiration bronchopneumonia usually begins as a mild suppurative bronchipneumonia which rapidly progresses so a severe necrotising bronchopneumonia

25
Q

Describe the lesion distribution associated with haematogenous route of entry

A

Multifocal lesions

26
Q

What is the underlying aetiology of haematogenous pneumonia?

A

Suppurative inflammation elsewhere in the body spread haematogenously to the lungs

27
Q

Name two conditions which predispose cattle to haematogenous pneumonia

A

Endocarditis
Hepatic abscess

Endocarditis
28
Q

Why is it so important to not leave a venous catheter in for too long?

A

If venous catheters are left in for too long, thrombi will form around the catheter and become a site of infection which can then spread haematogenously to the lungs and cause haematogenous pneumonia

29
Q

What are the two routes of entry for granulomatous pneumonia?

A

Aerogenous
Haematogenous

30
Q

What are the two most common aetiologies of granulomatous pneumonia?

A

Fungi
Mycobacteria

31
Q

Give a specific example of mycobacteria which can cause granulomatous pneumonia?

A

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

32
Q

What is the gross appearance of granulomatous pneumonia?

A

Multifocal nodular foci composed of white/tan crumbly material

33
Q

What is the histological appearance of granulomatous pneumonia?

A

Macrophages
Multinucleate giant cells

34
Q

What is interstitial pneumonia?

A

Inflammation of the lung interstitium

35
Q

What are the two routes of entry for interstitial pneumonia?

A

Aerogenous
Haematogenous

36
Q

What are the four common aetiologies of interstitial pneumonia?

A

Virus
Toxin
Allergen
Sepsis

37
Q

What is the gross appearance of interstitial pneumonia?

A

Diffuse, enlarged lungs that will not deflate and often have rib impressions

38
Q

What is the histological appearance of interstitial pneumonia?

A

Oedema in the interstitium
Neutrophils
Macrophages
Hyaline membrane formation

39
Q

Name a specific form of interstitial pneumonia seen in sheep

A

Ovine progressive pneumonia (OPP)

40
Q

What causes Ovine progressive pneumonia (OPP)?

A

Maedi-visna virus

41
Q

What is pleuritis?

A

Inflammation of the pleura

42
Q

What is the collective name for primary pulmonary neoplasms?

A

Pulmonary adenocarcinoma

43
Q

What is feline lung-digit syndrome?

A

Feline lung-digit syndrome is a pulmonary adenocarcinoma which clinically presents as a metastases lesion in the digits

44
Q

What is Jaagsiekte?

A

Jaagsiekte is ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma caused by Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus

45
Q

How does the Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus cause a hypersecretion of surfactant?

A

Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus infects and causes neoplastic transformation of the type II pneumocytes and club cells, leading to the hypersecreation of surfactant

46
Q

Which test can be used to identify Jaaksiekte?

A

Wheelbarrow test where the hind limbs are elevated and the head is lowered to see if surfactant flows from the nostrils

MODULE 9 - Respiratory System (15 decks)

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