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MODULE 9 - Respiratory System > ANATOMY - Larynx > Flashcards

ANATOMY - Larynx Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three functions of the larynx?

A

Mechanical barrier of the trachea
Modulates airflow into the trachea
Vocalisation

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2
Q

Which structure attaches the larynx to the cranium?

A

Hyoid apparatus

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3
Q

What are the five bones of the hyoid apparatus?

A

Stylohyoid
Epihyoid
Ceratohyoid
Basihyoid
Thyrohyoid

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4
Q

What are the four cartilaginous structures of the larynx?

A

Epiglottis
Thyroid cartilage
Arytenoid cartilages
Cricoid cartilage

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5
Q

(T/F) All of the cartilaginous structures of the larynx are made up of hyaline cartilage

A

FALSE. The epiglottis is made up of elastic cartilage

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6
Q

Which cartilaginous structure of the larynx directly articulates with the hyoid apparatus?

A

Thyroid cartilage

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7
Q

What is the name of the articulation between the thyroid cartilage and the hyoid apparatus?

A

Thyrohyoid articulation

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8
Q

What is the name of the articulation between the epiglottis and the thyroid cartilage?

A

Thyro-epiglottic attachment

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9
Q

What is the name of the articulation between the paired arytenoid cartilages and the cricoid cartilage?

A

Cricoarytenoid articulation

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10
Q

What is the name of the articulation between the thyroid cartilage and the cricoid cartilage?

A

Cricothyroid articulation

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11
Q

Which ligament attaches the cricoid cartilage to the trachea?

A

Cricotracheal ligament

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12
Q

What are the three processes on the arytenoid cartilages?

A

Corniculate process
Cuneiform process
Vocal process

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13
Q

Which species has bifid corniculate processes?

A

Pigs

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14
Q

What is the function of the vocal process?

A

Point of attachment for the vocal cords

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15
Q

What are the four regions of the larynx?

A

Laryngeal aditus
Vestibule
Glottis
Infra-glottic cleft

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16
Q

Which three structures make up the laryngeal aditus (entrance of the larynx)?

A

Epiglottis
Corniculate processes
Aryepilglottic folds

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17
Q

Which two structures make up the glottis?

A

Vocal processes
Vocal cords

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18
Q

What is the main function of the glottis?

A

Glottis controls the amount of air which enters the trachea through abducting and adducting

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19
Q

Which two structures are only present in the carnivore, equine and porcine larynx?

A

Lateral ventricles
Median recesses (‘false vocal cords’)

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20
Q

Where are the lateral ventricles located?

A

Lateral ventricles are located between the vocal and cuneiform processes of the arytenoid cartilages

21
Q

Where are the median recesses (‘false vocal cords’) located?

A

Median recesses (‘false vocal cords’) are located rostral to the true vocal cords

22
Q

Which breed of dog doesn’t have lateral ventricles or median recesses?

A

Basenji

23
Q

Which extrinsic muscles of the larynx move the larynx rostrally?

A

Geniohyoideus muscle
Hyoglossus muscle

24
Q

Which extrinsic muscles of the larynx move the larynx caudally?

A

Sternohyoid muscle
Sternothyroid muscle
Thyrohyoid muscle

25
Q

Which two nerves innervate the extrinsic muscles of the larynx?

A

Cervical spinal nerve
Cranial nerve XII (Hypoglossal nerve)

26
Q

What are the five intrinsic muscles of the larynx?

A

Dorsal cricoarytenoid muscles
Transverse arytenoid muscle
Lateral cricoarytenoid muscles
Thyroarytenoid muscles
Cricothyroid muscles

27
Q

What is the function of the dorsal cricoarytenoid muscles?

A

Abduction of the glottis

28
Q

What is the function of the transverse arytenoid and lateral cricoarytenoid muscles?

A

Adduction of the glottis

29
Q

What is the function of the thyroarytenoid muscle?

A

Fine tunes the tension of the vocal cords

30
Q

What are the two branches of the thyroarytenoid muscle seen in equids and canines?

A

Vocalis muscle
Ventricularis muscle

31
Q

What is the function of the cricothyroid muscle?

A

Tension of the vocal cords

32
Q

(T/F) All of the intrinsic muscles of the larynx are innervated by the caudal recurrent laryngeal nerve

A

FALSE. The cricothyroid muscle is innervated by the cranial laryngeal nerve

33
Q

The cranial and caudal laryngeal nerves are branches of which cranial nerve?

A

Cranial nerve X (Vagus nerve)

34
Q

Describe briefly the function of the larynx during swallowing?

A

During swallowing, the hyoid apparatus moves rostrally causing the epiglottis to partially cover the laryngeal aditus and the glottis will be completely adducted by the lateral cricoarytenoid and transverse arytenoid muscles. Bolus will then pass over the epiglottis and into the oesophagus

35
Q

What happens if bolus enters the larynx during swallowing?

A

The bolus is detected by the mucosa in the vestibule which stimulates the coughing reflex

36
Q

Which two arteries supply the larynx?

A

Cranial laryngeal artery
Caudal laryngeal artery

37
Q

The cranial and caudal laryngeal arteries are branches of which major artery?

A

Common carotid artery

38
Q

Which lymph nodes drain the larynx?

A

Retropharyngeal lymph nodes

39
Q

List three clinical problems associated with the larynx in horses

A

Soft palate displacement
Aryepiglottic fold entrapment
Left recurrent laryngeal neuropathy

40
Q

What is soft palate displacement?

A

When the soft palate is displaced above the epiglottis causing the soft palate to obstruct the laryngeal aditus

41
Q

What is one of the main clinical signs of soft palate displacement?

A

Abnormal respiratory sounds during exercise

42
Q

What is aryepiglottic fold entrapment?

A

When the aryepiglottic folds partially occlude the laryngeal aditus

43
Q

What is left recurrent laryngeal neuropathy?

A

Degeneration of the left recurrent laryngeal nerve resulting in the paralysis of the left dorsal cricoarytenoid muscle

44
Q

Which surgical procedure can be used to correct left recurrent laryngeal neuropathy in horses?

A

Lateral ventricle tieback surgery (prosthetic laryngoplasty)

45
Q

Describe briefly a lateral ventricle tieback surgery

A

A suture is placed through the cricoid cartilage and the base of the arytenoid cartilage to mimic the action of the dorsal cricoarytenoid muscle

46
Q

Which surgical procedure can be done if a lateral ventricle tieback surgery doesn’t work?

A

Partial arytenoidectomy

47
Q

What is a common clinical problem associated with the larynx in older dogs?

A

Laryngeal paralysis

48
Q

Identify the following structures of the larynx

A
49
Q

Identify the intrinsic muscles of the larynx

A

MODULE 9 - Respiratory System (15 decks)

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