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MODULE 9 - Respiratory System > PARASITOLOGY - Lungworm > Flashcards

PARASITOLOGY - Lungworm Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two main families of nematode which cause parasitic bronchitis in large animals?

A

Trichostrongyloidea
Metastrongyloidea

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2
Q

What type of lifecycle do trichostrongloidea have?

A

Direct lifecycle

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3
Q

List three species of trichostrongyloidea which cause parasitic bronchitis in large animals

A

Dictyocaulus viviparus
Dictyocaulus arnfieldi
Dictyocaulus filaria

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4
Q

What is the host of dictyocaulus viviparus?

A

Cattle

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5
Q

What is the infective stage of the dictyocaulus viviparus lifecycle?

A

L3 larvae

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6
Q

Describe the lifecycle of dictyocaulus viviparus

A
  1. L3 larvae are ingested by host
  2. L3 larvae penetrate the intestinal mucosa and travel to the mesenteric lymph nodes where they moult into L4 larvae
  3. L4 larvae travel via the blood and lymphatics to the bronchioles where they moult into young adults
  4. Young adults migrate to the bronchi where they moult into mature adults and produce eggs
  5. L1 larvae hatch from the eggs and migrate to the lungs and up the trachea where they are coughed up and swallowed
  6. L1 are shed in the faeces
  7. L2 and L3 develop in the faeces
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7
Q

What is the pre-patent period (PPP) of dictyocaulus viviparus?

A

26 days

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8
Q

What is the clinical sign of a mild parasitic bronchitis?

A

Intermittent cough

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9
Q

What are the four clinical signs of a moderate parasitic bronchitis?

A

Coughing at rest
Tachypnea
Hyperpnea
Lung crackles

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10
Q

What is tachypnea?

A

Rapid breathing

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11
Q

What is hyperpnea?

A

Deep breathing

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12
Q

What are the four clinical signs of a severe parasitic bronchitis?

A

Harsh cough
Tachypnea
Hyperpnea
Open-mouth breathing

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13
Q

When would an individual with parasitic bronchitis also present with pyrexia?

A

If there is a secondary bacterial infection

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14
Q

What are the four phases of parasitic bronchitis pathogenesis?

A

Penetration phase
Pre-patent phase
Patent phase
Post-patent phase

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15
Q

Describe the penetration phase of parasitic bronchitis

A

Between days 1-7, the larvae are migrating to the bronchioles and there are no clinical signs

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16
Q

Describe the pre-patent phase of parasitic bronchitis

A

Between days 8-25, larvae are migrating through the bronchioles, stimulating an acute inflammatory response and the beginning of clinical signs

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17
Q

Describe the patent phase of parasitic bronchitis

A

Between days 26-60, the mature adults in the bronchi produce eggs, stimulating hypertrophy of the epithelium, profuse inflammatory response and oedema

18
Q

Describe the post-patent phase of parasitic bronchitis

A

Between days 61-90, there will be expulsion of the adult worms due to the actions of the immune response and most animals will begin to recover and gain strong immunity to this infection

19
Q

What are the five methods that can be used to diagnose dictyocaulus viviparus?

A

Assess clinical signs
Grazing, vaccination and anthelmintic history
Identify L1 larvae in a faecal sample
ELISA
Bronchioalveolar lavage

20
Q

Which technique should be used to identify L1 dictyocaulus viviparus larvae in a faecal sample?

A

Baermann technique

21
Q

What is re-infection syndrome?

A

Re-infection syndrome occurs when cattle are exposed to such a heavy infection that their acquired immunity from the initial infection is overwhelmed

22
Q

What should be done to diagnose re-infection syndrome?

A

Assess clinical signs
History

23
Q

In which climate is dictyocaulus viviparus usually found?

A

Temperate climates with high rainfall

24
Q

During which months of the year is a dictyocaulus viviparus infection most common?

A

July to September/October

25
Q

What is the most common group of animals affected by a dictyocaulus vivparus infection?

A

First season grazing calves

26
Q

Why is dictyocaulus viviparus infection becoming more common in adult cattle?

A

There is increased use of anthelmintic drugs against gastrointestinal nematodes on farms, causing lungworm nematodes to develop resistance against these drugs

27
Q

What can be used to prevent dictyocaulus viviparus infection?

A

Vaccination

28
Q

How does the dictyocaulus viviparus vaccination work?

A

Irradiated L3 larvae vaccination where the L3 larvae are exposed to radiation, weakening the larvae so they cannot cause disease however still stimulate an immune response against future infections

29
Q

Which two anthelmintic drugs can be used to treat a dictyocaulus viviparus infection?

A

Ivermectin
Levamisole

30
Q

Describe the treatment plan that should be used for a mild dictyocaulus viviparus infection?

A

Treat herd with anthelmintics and move to clean pasture

31
Q

Describe the treatment plan that should be used for a severe dictyocaulus viviparus infection?

A

Treat herd with anthelmintics and house, hydrate and treat affected animals with NSAIDS to reduce immunopathology. Furthermore, treat with antibiotics if there is pyrexia

32
Q

What are the hosts of dictyocaulus arnfieldi?

A

Donkeys
Horses

33
Q

How does the lifecycle of dictyocaulus arnfieldi differ from dictyocaulus viviparus?

A

The eggs are shed into the faeces rather than the L1 larvae

34
Q

What is the pre-patent period (PPP) of dictyocaulus arnfieldi?

A

2-4 months

35
Q

What are the three methods that can be used to diagnose dictyocaulus arnfieldi?

A

Assess clinical signs
Grazing/anthelmintic history
Identify eggs in a faecal sample

36
Q

Why would there be no eggs in the faecal sample of an adult horse infected with dictyocaulus arnfieldi?

A

Dictyocaulus arnfieldi does not reach patency (mature adult stage) in adult horses

37
Q

What are the hosts of dictyocaulus filaria?

A

Sheep
Goats

38
Q

What is the pre-patent period of dictyocaulus filaria?

A

5 weeks

39
Q

What are the two clinical signs of dictyocaulus filaria?

A

Chronic cough
Nasal discharge

40
Q

What type of lifecycle do metastongyloidea have?

A

Indirect lifecycle

MODULE 9 - Respiratory System (15 decks)

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