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MODULE 9 - Respiratory System > INFECTIOUS AGENTS - Bovine Respiratory Disease Complex > Flashcards

INFECTIOUS AGENTS - Bovine Respiratory Disease Complex Flashcards

1
Q

What is Bovine Respiratory Disease Complex (BRDC)?

A

A multifactorial disorder caused by interactions between viral and bacterial pathogens together with environmental risk factors

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2
Q

Describe briefly the pathogenesis of bovine respiratory disease complex (BRDC)

A

An environmental stressor, sometimes coupled by a viral infection results in the suppression of the host immune system and a secondary bacterial infection in the lower respiratory tract

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3
Q

List three environmental stressors associated with bovine respiratory disease complex (BRDC)

A

Transport
Overcrowding
Inadequate ventilation

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4
Q

List three viruses associated with bovine respiratory disease complex (BRDC)

A

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
Parainfluenza virus type 3 (PI3)
Bovine herpes virus type 1

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5
Q

What are the four clinical signs of a respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection?

A

Nasal discharge
Coughing
Frothy saliva
Fast laboured breathing

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6
Q

Which disease is usually caused by bovine herpes type 1?

A

Infectious bovine rhinitis

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7
Q

What are the four clinical signs of a bovine herpes type 1 virus?

A

Purulent nasal discharge
Ocular discharge
Inappetence
Coughing

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8
Q

(T/F) Bovine herpes virus type 1 is a latent infection

A

TRUE. Bovine herpes type 1 virus will reactivate when the animals are under stress

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9
Q

List four samples that can be taken to diagnose a respiratory viral infection

A

Ocular swab
Nasal swab
Blood sample
Broncho-alveolar lavage

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10
Q

List three bacteria associated with bovine respiratory disease complex

A

Mannhaemia haemolytica
Pasteurella multocida
Histophillus somni

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11
Q

What are the four general characteristics of respiratory bacteria?

A

Gram negative (G-)
Non-motile
Facultative anaerobe
Mesophile

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12
Q

What is the structural difference between lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and lipooligosaccharide (LOS)?

A

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) has a larger O-side chain than lipooligosaccharide (LOS)

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13
Q

Which bacteria has an outer membrane made up of lipooligosaccharide (LOS)?

A

Histophillus somni

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14
Q

What is the endotoxic effect of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)?

A

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) triggers the complement pathway and coagulation cascade, increasing vascular permeability resulting in oedema, recruits immune cells and increases coagulation and fibrin deposition in the lungs

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15
Q

Which two bacteria are commensal bacteria of the upper respiratory tract?

A

Mannhaemia haemolytica
Pasteurella multocida

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16
Q

Mannhaemia haemolytica exhibits β-haemolysis. What does this mean?

A

When cultured on blood agar, Mannhaemia haemolytica will completely haemolyse the erythrocytes

17
Q

Which exotoxin is produced by Mannhaemia haemolytica?

A

Leukotoxin

18
Q

What is the function of leukotoxin produced by Mannhaemia haemolytica?

A

Lysis of alveolar macrophages and neutrophils

19
Q

What are the two main virulence factors of Pasteurella multocida?

A

Capsule
Dermonecrotoxin exotoxin

20
Q

Which disease involves dermonecrotoxin?

A

Atrophic rhinitis

21
Q

Why is Histophillus somni host specific to cattle?

A

Histophillus somni is host specific to cattle because this bacteria produces iron binding proteins that are specific to cattle

22
Q

What are the two main virulence factors of Histophillus somni?

A

Capsule
Haemolysin exotoxin

23
Q

Histophillus somni is fastidious. What does this mean?

A

Fastidious bacteria are challenging to culture

24
Q

What needs to be added to an agar plate in order to culture Histophillus somni?

A

CO2
NAD

25
Q

Why should you apply a staphylococcus streak when culturing Histophillus somni on a blood agar plate?

A

Staphylococcus will produce the NAD required to culture Histophillus somni

26
Q

Which other disease can be caused by Histophillus somni?

A

Thrombotic meningoencephalitis

27
Q

List five methods that can be used to control bovine respiratory disease complex

A

Reduce stocking density
Segregate cattle of different ages
Minimise stressors
Vaccination
Improve ventilation

28
Q

What is antimicrobial metaphylaxis?

A

Antimicrobial metaphylaxis is the antimicrobial treatment of the entire herd

MODULE 9 - Respiratory System (15 decks)

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