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MODULE 9 - Respiratory System > ANATOMY - Upper Respiratory System > Flashcards

ANATOMY - Upper Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the five functions of the respiratory tract?

A

Gaseous exchange
Vocalisation
Olfaction
Thermoregulation
Acid-base balance regulation

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2
Q

What is the main function of the upper respiratory tract?

A

Conducting air from the external environment to the lower respiratory tract

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3
Q

What are the five components of the upper respiratory tract?

A

Nostrils (nares)
Nasal vestibule
Nasal cavity
Nasopharynx
Larynx

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4
Q

What is the medial groove which divides the nostrils?

A

Philtrum

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5
Q

Secretions from which two glands moisten the nose of the dog?

A

Nasolacrimal ducts
Lateral nasal glands

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6
Q

Where are the openings of the nasolacrimal ducts and lateral nasal ducts located in the dog?

A

The nasolacrimal and lateral nasal ducts terminate in the nasal vestibule

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7
Q

Where are the lateral nasal glands located?

A

Maxillary recess

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8
Q

Which artery supplies the nose?

A

Sphenopalatine artery

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9
Q

Which three facial muscles are responsible for the movement of the muzzle and the nose?

A

Levator nasolabialis muscle
Levator labii maxillaris muscle
Caninus muscle

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10
Q

Which nerve provides sensory innervation to the nose?

A

Infraorbital nerve (branch of trigeminal nerve)

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11
Q

What is the functional significance of the rostral bone in pigs?

A

The rostral bone strengthens the snout for rooting behaviour in pigs

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12
Q

What stabilises the nasal vestibule as it extends beyond the skull?

A

Cartilage stabilises the nasal vestibule

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13
Q

What is the function of the nasal septum?

A

Nasal septum separates the left and right nasal vestibule and nasal cavity

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14
Q

Which type of tissue makes up the nasal septum at the level of the nasal vestibule?

A

Cartilage

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15
Q

Which type of tissue makes up the nasal septum at the level of the nasal cavity?

A

Bone

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16
Q

Which structure stabilises the nasal septum?

A

Vomer

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17
Q

What are the three mucosal folds found in the nasal vestibule?

A

Alar fold
Dorsal fold
Basal fold

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18
Q

What is the nasal diverticulum (‘false nostril’)?

A

The nasal diverticulum is a blind ending pouch in the nasal vestibule formed by the alar fold in horses

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19
Q

Describe how to insert a nasogastric tube in a horse

A

The alar fold needs to be elevated to displace the nasal diverticulum (‘false nostril’) in order to direct the nasogastric tube ventro-medially to enter the ventral meatus of the nasal cavity. When you begin to feel soft resistance you are in the pharynx. Make sure to flex the horses neck so the tube is more likely to enter the oesophagus rather than the trachea and allow the horse to swallow before gently advancing the tube

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20
Q

Which four skull bones form the lateral boundaries of the nasal cavity?

A

Maxilla
Zygomatic
Lacrimal
Incisive

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21
Q

Which two skull bones form the dorsal boundary of the nasal cavity?

A

Frontal
Nasal

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22
Q

Which structure separates the nasal cavity from the cranium?

A

Ethmoid bone

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23
Q

What is the the perforated portion of the ethmoid bone?

A

Cribriform plate

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24
Q

Which nerve passes through the cribriform plate?

A

Cranial nerve I (Olfactory nerve)

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25
Q

Which ‘scroll-shaped’ bony structures fill the nasal cavity?

A

Conchae

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26
Q

What is the function of conchae?

A

Conchae increase the surface area of the nasal cavity to cleanse, warm and moisten the air passing through

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27
Q

What are the three conchae present in the nasal cavity?

A

Ventral concha
Dorsal concha
Ethmoidal conchae

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28
Q

(T/F) All cochnae are covered by respiratory epithelium

A

FALSE. The ethmoidal conchae are covered by a layer of olfactory epithelium

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29
Q

Which additional concha is present in the nasal cavity of the dog?

A

The middle conchae is an extension of the ethmoidal conchae present in the dog

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30
Q

In the ruminant and equine nasal cavity, what happens to the shape of the dorsal and ventral conchae as you move caudally?

A

The ventral and dorsal conchae in the nasal cavity close to form ventral and dorsal conchal sinuses

31
Q

What are the four meatuses within the nasal cavity?

A

Dorsal nasal meatus
Middle nasal meatus
Ventral nasal meatus
Common nasal meatus

32
Q

What is the main reason for radiographing the nasal cavity?

A

To investigate chronic nasal discharge

33
Q

What are paranasal sinuses?

A

Air-filled spaces located within bones

34
Q

What is the only true paranasal sinus in the dog?

A

Frontal sinus

35
Q

What are the four true paranasal sinuses seen in ruminants?

A

Frontal sinus
Maxillary sinus
Dorsal conchal sinus
Ventral conchal sinus

36
Q

Why is it important to dehorn cattle before their skull fully develops?

A

The frontal sinus extends into the cornual process at the base of the horn as the skull develops. Dehorning would open the frontal sinus and potentially cause a sinus infection

37
Q

The larvae of which species of fly often migrate into the frontal sinus of sheep?

A

Oestrus ovis

38
Q

Which structure is formed by the medial extension of the maxillary sinus in ruminants?

A

Palatine sinus

39
Q

Which structure is formed by the caudal extension of the maxillary sinus in ruminants?

A

Lacrimal bulla

40
Q

In which species are the paranasal sinuses interconnected?

A

Horses

41
Q

What are the five true paranasal sinuses in horses?

A

Frontal sinus
Maxillary sinus
Sphenopalatine sinus
Dorsal conchal sinus
Ventral conchal sinus

42
Q

What are the two divisions of the equine maxillary sinus?

A

Rostral maxillary sinus
Caudal maxillary sinus

43
Q

Which structure divides the rostral and caudal maxillary sinus?

A

Bony septum

44
Q

Which equine paranasal sinuses are directly connected?

A

Rostral maxillary sinus directly connected to ventral conchal sinus
Frontal sinus directly connected to dorsal conchal sinus
Caudal maxillary sinus directly connected to sphenopalatine sinus

45
Q

What connects the frontal sinus and dorsal conchal sinus to caudal maxillary sinus and sphenopalatine sinus?

A

Frontomaxillary opening

46
Q

Which structure in the horse directly drains the rostral and caudal maxillary sinuses and indirectly drains the other paranasal sinuses into the nasal cavity?

A

Nasomaxillary opening

47
Q

Why is drainage of the equine paranasal sinuses so challenging?

A

Nasomaxillary opening is located dorsally in the middle meatus of the nasal cavity making it difficult for gravity to assist in the draining process

48
Q

What is trephining?

A

Trephining is a surgical procedure in which holes are made in the skull, a technique often used to drain infection from the equine paranasal sinuses

49
Q

Which two structures limit the safe surgical access during trephining in horses?

A

Nasolacrimal duct
Infraorbital canal

50
Q

What are the dorsal and ventral surgical borders for trephining the maxillary sinuses?

A

Dorsal: Line between the medial commissure of the eye and the infraorbital foramen
Ventral: Facial crest

51
Q

What can be a secondary consequence of dental disease in ruminant and equine upper cheek teeth?

A

Dental disease can lead to a secondary sinus infection as the ruminant and equine upper cheek teeth extend into the maxillary sinus

52
Q

How can an infection in the nasopharynx spread to the middle ear?

A

The auditory tubes open into the nasopharynx and are partially lined with respiratory epithelium

53
Q

What is the outpouching of the auditory tube seen in horses?

A

Guttural pouch

54
Q

Which structure partially divides the guttural pouch into a medial and lateral compartments?

A

Stylohyoid bone

55
Q

Which four cranial nerves travel though the medial compartment of the guttural pouch?

A

Cranial nerve IX (Glossopharyngeal)
Cranial nerve X (Vagus)
Cranial nerve XI (Accessory)
Cranial nerve XII (Hypoglassal)

56
Q

Which artery travels within the mucosa of the medial compartment of the guttural pouch?

A

Internal carotid artery

57
Q

Which cranial nerve travels within the mucosa of the lateral compartment of the guttural pouch?

A

Cranial nerve VII (Facial)

58
Q

Which artery travels within the mucosa of the lateral compartment of the guttural pouch?

A

External carotid artery

59
Q

What can be caused by a chronic infection of the guttural pouch?

A

Chronic infection will cause inflammation and compression of the cranial nerves and arteries running through the mucosa of the guttural pouch, leading to pharyngeal, laryngeal and/or facial paralysis and even a fatal haemorrhage if the external carotid artery is damaged

60
Q

What is the name of the lymphoid tissue found in the pharynx?

A

Pharyngeal tonsil

61
Q

What is the clinical significance of the pharyngeal diverticulum in pigs?

A

A nasogastric tube can become stuck on this pharyngeal diverticulum

62
Q

What can occur in brachiocephalic dogs due to their disproportionally long soft palate?

A

The soft palate of brachiocephalic dogs can rest over the laryngeal aditus, causing respiratory difficulties

63
Q

What is the difference between stridor and stertor?

A

Stridor is a high-pitched respiratory noise seen during quiet breathing and/or exercise whereas stertor is a low-pitched respiratory noise heard when the patient is sleeping and/or exercising

64
Q

Why are horses obligate nasal breathers?

A

The soft palate is so elongated and the palatopharyngeal arches from a cuff around the laryngeal aditus to maintain the larynx in a more dorsal position to allow air to flow directly between the nasal passageways and the larynx

65
Q

What are the five methods used by horses to adapt their respiration during exercise as obligate nasal breathers?

A

Nostril dilation
Vasoconstriction of nasal mucosa
Full abduction of the glottis
Extension of the head and neck
Abdominal viscera push against diaphragm to expel air from lungs

66
Q

Why does upper respiratory disease or dysfunction limit the ability of a horse to exercise?

A

When hoses suffer from upper respiratory disease/dysfunction, this will increase airway resistance and decrease airflow, limiting their endurance and performance during exercise

67
Q

What are five clinical signs of upper respiratory disease/dysfunction in horses?

A

Abnormal respiratory noise
Dysphagia
Extended head and neck
Increased respiratory rate
Poor athletic performance

68
Q

What is an overground endoscopy?

A

An overground endoscopy is an imaging technique that can be used to assess the upper respiratory tract of a horse during exercise

69
Q

What type of epithelium lines most of the respiratory tract?

A

Pseudostratified, columnar, ciliated epithelium with goblet cells (respiratory epithelium)

70
Q

What are the three functions of respiratory epithelium?

A

Cleansing air
Warming air
Moistening air

71
Q

What is the mucocilliary carpet?

A

The mucocilliary carpet is made up of mucus and cilia which trap and move foreign particles towards the pharynx to expel from the respiratory system through coughing or swallowing

72
Q

Other than goblet cells, which glands produce mucus which contributes to the mucocilliary carpet?

A

Submucosal glands

73
Q

What are the functions of the vascular mucosa underlying the respiratory epithelium?

A

The vasculature underlying the respiratory epithelium warms the air as it passes through the upper respiratory tract, and can undergo vasoconstriction to allow for increased air flow during exercise

74
Q

What is the function of the submucosal serous glands?

A

Submucosal serous glands produce serous secretions which moisten the air as it passes through the upper respiratory tract

MODULE 9 - Respiratory System (15 decks)

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