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MODULE 9 - Respiratory System > ANATOMY - Lower Respiratory System > Flashcards

ANATOMY - Lower Respiratory System Flashcards

Trachea Lungs Pleural membranes Mediastinum

1
Q

What are the components of the lower respiratory system?

A

Trachea
Bronchi
Bronchioles
Alveoli

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2
Q

What is the function of the trachea?

A

Conduction of air

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3
Q

What are the functions of the cartilaginous rings surrounding the trachea?

A

The cartilaginous rings support the trachea to main airway patency and prevent tracheal collapse

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4
Q

What type of cartilage makes up the tracheal rings?

A

Hyaline cartilage

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5
Q

Which muscle extends over the open surface of the tracheal ring?

A

Trachealis muscle

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6
Q

Where does the trachea bifurcate in the thorax?

A

The trachea bifurcates at the level of the T5 vertebra

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7
Q

What is the name of the air passages that branch off from the trachea?

A

Primary bronchi

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8
Q

Which two glands are closely associated with the cervical trachea?

A

Thyroid gland
Parathyroid gland

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9
Q

Which structure is found dorsal to the trachea?

A

Oesophagus

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10
Q

Which three muscles are found ventral to the trachea?

A

Sternocephalicus muscles
Sternothyroid muscle
Sternohyoid muscle

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11
Q

Which vessel is located ventral to the trachea?

A

External jugular vein

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12
Q

Which three structures are found lateral to the trachea?

A

Carotid sheath
Recurrent laryngeal nerve
Superficial cervical lymph nodes

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13
Q

Which three structures are contained within the carotid sheath?

A

Common carotid artery
Internal jugular vein
Vagosympathetic trunk

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14
Q

Which nerve runs along side the carotid sheath?

A

Recurrent laryngeal nerve

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15
Q

Which arteries supply the cervical trachea?

A

Branches of the common carotid artery

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16
Q

Which artery supplies the thoracic trachea?

A

Broncheoesophageal artery

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17
Q

Which veins drain the trachea?

A

Satellite veins

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18
Q

Which nerves provide parasympathetic innervation to the trachea?

A

Recurrent laryngeal nerves (branches of CN X)

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19
Q

Which nerves provide sympathetic innervation to the trachea?

A

Sympathetic nerves travelling within the vagosympathetic trunk

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20
Q

How do the cartilaginous tracheal rings differ in brachiocephalic dogs compared to other breeds?

A

The cartilaginous tracheal rings in brachiocephalic dogs are smaller in diameter compared to other breeds

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21
Q

What are the membranous structures containing each lung within the thoracic cavity?

A

Pleural sacs

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22
Q

What are the two layers of the pleural sacs?

A

Parietal pleura
Visceral pleura

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23
Q

What is the difference between the parietal and visceral pleura?

A

The parietal pleura lines the inner surface of the thoracic cavity whereas the visceral pleura lines the outer surface of the lungs as well as forms a connective tissue support between the lobules

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24
Q

Describe the three subdivisions of the parietal pleura

A

Costal pleura: Lines the inner surface of the ribs and intercostal muscles
Diaphragmatic pleura: Lines the cranial surface of the diaphragm
Mediastinum pleura: Lines the lateral surface of the mediastinum

25
Q

What is the name of the space between the parietal and visceral pleura?

A

Pleural cavity

26
Q

What is found within the pleural cavity?

A

Pleural fluid

27
Q

What is the mediastinum?

A

The mediastinum is a central compartment contained within the thoracic cavity that is located between the two pleural sacs

28
Q

What are the three subdivisions of the mediastinum?

A

Cranial mediastinum
Middle mediastinum
Caudal mediastinum

29
Q

Which six structures are found within the mediastinum?

A

Oesophagus
Trachea
Heart
Thymus
Major blood vessels
Thoracic duct

30
Q

Which region of the mediastinum is the heart found in?

A

Middle mediastinum

31
Q

What is the membranous structure containing the heart within the mediastinum?

A

Pericardium

32
Q

Which major blood vessel is found outside of the mediastinum?

A

Caudal vena cava

33
Q

What is the plica venae cavae?

A

The plica venae cavae is a fold of right parietal pleura which encases the caudal vena cava

34
Q

Which nerve is found travelling within the plica venae cavae?

A

Right phrenic nerve

35
Q

What is the pulmonary ligament?

A

At the level of the hilus, the visceral pleura is continuous with the parietal pleura and forms a ligamentous structure extending caudally and stabilising the caudal lung lobe to the diaphragmatic pleura

36
Q

What is the function of pleural recesses?

A

Pleural recesses are potential space that allow for the expansion of the lungs during inspiration

37
Q

What are the four pleural recesses?

A

Mediastinal recess
Pleural cupulae
Costomediastinal recesses
Costodiaphragmatic recesses

38
Q

Describe the mediastinal recess and its function

A

The mediastinal recess is potential space formed by the continuation of the mediastinal pleura into the plica venae cava. The accessory lobe of the right lung will expand into this recess during inspiration

39
Q

Describe the pleural cupulae and their function

A

The pleural cupulae are potential space formed by the projection of the costal pleura beyond the first rib. The cranial lung lobes expand into this space during inspiration

40
Q

Describe the costomediastinal recesses and their function

A

The costomediastinal recesses are potential space formed by the continuation of the costal pleura into the mediastinal pleura. The caudal lung lobes will expand into this recess during inspiration

41
Q

Describe the costodiaphragmatic recesses and their function

A

The costodiaphragmatic recesses are potential space formed by the continuation of the costal pleura into the diaphragmatic pleura. The caudal lung lobes will expand into this recess during inspiration

42
Q

What is the anatomical term used to describe the most caudal limit of the costodiaphragmatic recess?

A

Costodiaphragmatic line of reflection

43
Q

What is meant by the ‘minimum area’ for percussion and auscultation of the lungs?

A

Minumum area refers to the area of contact between the lung and the thoracic wall at the end of expiration

44
Q

What are the lung lobes found in the carnivore lungs?

A

Left cranial lobe
Left caudal lobe
Right cranial lobe
Right middle lobe
Right caudal lobe
Right accessory lobe

The left cranial is split into cranial cranial and cranial caudal

45
Q

What are the lung lobes found in the ruminant lungs?

A

Left cranial lobe
Left caudal lobe
Right cranial lobe
Right middle lobe
Right caudal lobe
Right accessory lobe

The left and right cranial lung lobes are split into cranial cranial and

46
Q

What are the five lobes seen in equine lungs?

A

Left cranial lobe
Left caudal lobe
Right cranial lobe
Right caudal lobe
Right accessory lobe

47
Q

Why are ruminant lungs more prominently lobulated than other species?

A

Ruminant lungs are more prominently lobulated than other species because the visceral pleura is thicker and thus forms a more prominent connective tissue support between each lobule

48
Q

Which four structures enter and exit at the hilus of the lungs?

A

Primary bronchi
Pulmonary artery
Pulmonary vein
Bronchial artery

49
Q

Which species’ have a tracheal bronchus which enters at the hilus of the lungs?

A

Ruminants
Porcine

50
Q

What is the function of the pulmonary artery?

A

Pulmonary artery delivers deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs

51
Q

What is the function of the pulmonary vein?

A

Pulmonary vein delivers oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart

52
Q

What is the function of the bronchial artery?

A

Brochial artery supplies oxygenated blood to the lung tissue

53
Q

Which lymph nodes drain the lungs?

A

Pulmonary lymph nodes

54
Q

What are the functional components of the lungs?

A

Lobules

55
Q

Describe the passage of airflow from the trachea into the lungs

A

Air flows through the trachea into the primary bronchi, then into the lobar bronchi, followed by the segmental bronchi and into the small bronchi, followed by the bronchioles, terminal bronchioles, respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts and finally into the alveolar sacs

56
Q

(T/F) Respiratory bronchioles contain alveoli

A

TRUE.

57
Q

What is the function of bronchi and bronchioles?

A

Conduction of air

58
Q

What are the histological differences between bronchi and bronchioles?

A
  1. Bronchi have respiratory epithelium whereas bronchioles have simple, cuboidal, ciliated epithelium with club cells
  2. Bronchi have cartilaginous plates whereas bronchioles have no cartilaginous support
  3. Bronchi have less smooth muscle than bronchioles
59
Q

What are the three functions of club cells?

A

Secrete cytochrome p450 to detoxify harmful substances entering the lungs
Secrete anti-inflammatory uteroglobin protein
Act as stem cells for regeneration of bronchiole epithelium

MODULE 9 - Respiratory System (15 decks)

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