Pathology of the Hepatobiliary System #2 Flashcards
List the functions of the liver.
- Bile synthesis & secretion
- Bilirubin metabolism
- Carbohydrate metabolism
- Lipid metabolism
- Protein Synthesis
- Ammonia Metabolism
- Xenobiotic Metabolism
Describe bilirubin metabolism and elimination
Starts in spleen
RBC, when are too old, are phagocytized by MCQs. Hb inside RBC are separated into heme and globin. Globin will eventaully be metabolized into AA. Heme has a center filled with iron. Within this process, the iron is excreted and heme is transformed into perforin Green –> unconjugated bilirubin. After being transformed into uncon bili, this will be bind with albumin b/c this is how the unconjug bili can be transported., Goal of hepatocyte is to form unconjug to conjugate bili. Bili will be able to be excreted through biliary system. Whatever happens in each step causes dysfunction of bilirubin, so this can be icterus or lysis.
In IMHA –> jaundice
Liver disease –> cirrhosis is a general term used to describe end stage liver disease. Lot of fibrosis, regenerative nodules.
Anything obstructing biliary system, e.g. tumor, post-hepatic hyperbilirubinemia.
Hemosidderin contains iron, which is the end product of RBC breakdown/hemorrhage, before iron is excreted.
- What process has occurred here?
- What is seen clinically?
- Dysfunction of Bilirubin Metabolism
- Yellow discoloration of the skin or mucosal surface. The conjunctiva of the eye or oral mucous membranes.
- Hyperbilirubinemia = icterus (jaundice)
- Gross: yellow staining of tissue
Icterus, Hemolytic Anemia, Dog
What are the 3 types of causes for icterus:
- Prehepatic
- Hepatic
- Posthepatic
What does pre-hepatic icterus result in?
- Increased unconjugated bilirubin
- Hemolysis (immune-mediated, infectious, metabolic,
trauma, toxin, etc.)
What does hepatic icterus result in?
- Defective uptake or conjugation of conjugated
and/or unconjugated bilirubin - Liver disease or congenital anomalies
What does post-hepatic icterus result in?
- Increased conjugated bilirubin
- Bile duct obstruction
^listen to all above slides, you were in the bathroom
What can be seen in this image below?
Histo: Brown, amorphous, globular pigment (canalicular plugging)
Normally you would not see this pigment, located in the bile caniliculi, which connect to the larger ducts. When you see this you cna be confident that there is bilrubin
How does the liver metabolize carbohydrates?
- Regulation of plasma glucose concentration
- Glycogenolysis and glycogenesis
May also see hypoglycemia
What causes glycogen accumulation?
- Excess glucocorticoids (“steroid hepatopathy”) – dogs only!
- Endogenous = aniaml has cushings, so now there is elevated cortisol levels in the blood or exogenous: these animals are on steroids for along time –> glycogen accumulation in liver
- Glycogen storage diseases
- congenital disease; glycogen storage in multiple tissues in organs. On histo, see a l,ot of glycogen accumulation –> dysfunction of glucose regulation
Diffuse color change, yellow
Normal liver should be a dark brown.
Glucocorticoid-Induced Hepatopathy, Liver, Dog
Glucocorticoid-Induced Hepatopathy, Liver, Dog. Note the swollen hepatocytes (arrows)
Pink strings in between vacuoles is where glycogen is stored. This is what we see in steroid hepatopahy
How does the liver regulate lipid metabolism?
- Start where fat is. The TAG is a triglyceride. In a normal indivudal, when you don’t eat/are fasting you have a low insulin level and sothe insulin inhibits hydrolysis of TAG inito Free fatty acid.
Free fatty acids can be utilized for energy (beta oxidation) or can be partitioned into VLDL particles (both occurs in liver).
When you have intake of sugar, this will also trigger another process where DNL –> FA.
In dzed, insulin resistance which leads to less ibnhibition, so more TAG being transported so more lipids need ot be metabolized in the liver. Liver is confused and tries ot figure out how to use this energy. When you eat a lot of sugar, in disease person there is an increase in denovo lipogenesis.
What are the causes of hepatic lipidosis?
Causes: HE KNIT
* High-fat or cholesterol diet
* Negative energy balance (e.g. secondary to anorexia, pregnancy = more energy needed for fetus etc.)
* Toxin
* Ketosis
* Endocrine disorders (e.g. diabetes mellitus, hypothyroidism)
* Idiopathic (e.g. seen in miniatures horses)
Hepatic lipidosis secondary to diabetes mellitus, Ca
Diffuse pallor of liver