Pathology of the Endocrine System Flashcards
Definition: “Endocrine glands are collections of specialized cells that ________, _____ and ______ release their secretory products into the ____ stream, resulting in physiological effects on target cells distant from the glands.”
Definition: “Endocrine glands are collections of specialized cells that synthesize, store and directly release their secretory products into
the blood stream, resulting in physiological effects on target cells distant from the glands
“The endocrine system consists of a highly integrated and widely distributed group of organs that orchestrate a state of metabolic ___________ or _________, among various organs of the body”
“The endocrine system consists of a highly integrated and widely distributed group of organs that orchestrate a state of metabolic equilibrium or homeostasis, among various organs of the body”
What has to happen in order for an organ to be considered dysfunctional ?
- Something’s been added
- Something’s been taken away
- Something’s not made right
What could have been added?
Hi, Fin!
Cells:
Hyperplasia
Neoplasia
Inflammatory
Fluid
Intra/extracellular
What could have been taken away?
Cells:
Atrophy
Apoptosis
Necrosis
What could not have been made right?
Aplasia
Hypoplasia
Dysplasia
Nodular hyperplasia is characterized as?
____ to ______
Generally _____ nodules
____/________
_____ demarcated
Not _______
Look like ______ cells
One to multiple
Generally small nodules
Uni/bilateral
Well demarcated
Not encapsulated
Look like normal cells
Adenoma is characterized as?
A for #1 –> Solitary, unilateral, well at all!
Usually solitary and unilateral
Well demarcated encapsulated
Normal….ish (cells deviate from perfectly normal
arrangement but not by much)
Carcinoma is characterized as?
Usually solitary and unilateral/bilateral
Poorly demarcated not encapsulated
Benign vs Malignant more difficult in
endocrine tissues but have features of
malignancy
Name the three features of malignancy.
Size
Cell morphology
Invasion
How is size a feature of malignancy?
Carcinomas tend to be ________, more likely to be __________ than adenomas
No hard-and-fast size cutoff (varies
depending on ______ of organ)
Rapid growth can lead to _________ and _________
Carcinomas tend to be larger, more likely to be bilateral than adenomas
No hard-and-fast size cutoff (varies
depending on size of organ)
Rapid growth can lead to necrosis and hemorrhage
How is cell morphology a feature of malignancy?
Cells more pleomorphic
Mitotic figures present, can be atypical
Anisocytosis
Anisokaryosis
Bi or multinucleated cells Bizarre cells
How is invasion a feature of malignancy?
Proliferative lesions can be?
Whether functional or not, large lesions
can ?
destroy the rest of the gland
and cause deficiencies in hormones secreted
by other populations of cells
What are the secondary changes that can occur in a case of malignancy?
Destruction of pituitary gland with lack of stimulatory hormone
Hyperplasia
Functional pituitary tumor: ↑ACTH
Developmental disorders
Aplasia –> ____ formed
Hypoplasia –> formed but _____
Dysplasia –> formed ________
Developmental disorders
Aplasia –> never formed
Hypoplasia –> formed but small
Dysplasia –> formed incorrectly
In cases of acute inflammation, most cases are secondary to _________ disease (_______, _______) or _____ extension rather than ______ infection suppurative
Most cases secondary to systemic disease (endotoxemia, septicemia) or local extension rather than primary infection suppurative
In cases of chronic inflammation, most cases are secondary to _____ disease with _______- evading agents (____, ___) or ________ disease
(pyo)granulomatous lymphoplasmacytic
Most cases secondary to systemic disease with immune- evading agents (fungal, MB) or autoimmune disease (pyo)granulomatous lymphoplasmacytic
Adenohypophysis
GH, ACTH, TSH, FSH, LH
Neurohypophysis:
ADH, Oxytocin
Adrenal cortex:
Cortisol, Aldosterone
Adrenal medulla:
Epinephrine, Norepinephrine
Thyroid gland:
T4, T3, Calcitonin
Parathyroid:
PTH
Islets of Langerhans:
Insulin, Glucagon, Gastrin, others
What are the general manifestations of endocrine disease?
- Endocrine diseases are common in _____ animal practice
- Alopecia with ______ or ______ disease
- Weight loss with feline ________
- Seizures caused by _________
- Bone fracture with _______
- Endocrine diseases are common in small animal practice
- Alopecia with hypothyroidism or Cushing’s disease
- Weight loss with feline hyperthyroidism
- Seizures caused by hyperinsulinism
- Bone fracture with hyperparathyroidism
- The neurohypophysis is derived from the?
- The adenohypophysis is derived from the?
- The neurohypophysis is composed of the?
- The adenohypophysis is composed of the?
Pituitary embryology
The embryo, diencephalon, and the pharynx. The invagination of the ectoderm of the pharynx and the outpouching of the diencephalon. This forms the future neurohyposis derived from the diencephalon and the hypophyseal pouch (oropharynx epithelium) will form the future adenohyphophysis.
The adenohypophysis is composed of the pars distalis and pars intermedia. Outpouching of diencephalon you have the pars nervosa.
Development of the pituitary gland
- What is the major part of the adenohypophysis?
- What surrounds Raucci’s pouch? What does it also separate?
- The pars nervosa is a continuation of?
- What is the pars nervosa composed of?
- What type of cells make up the Pars distalis?
- Pars distlais = major part of adenohyposphis
- Pars intermedia surrounding the raucci’s pouch and separating the pars distalis from nervosa.
- Pars nervosa is a continuation of the hypothalamus.
- Nervosa is composed of axons from neurons of the hypothalamus.
- Pars distalis has multiple cell types that secrete the trophic hormones.
The pars distalis is the ________ portion and is composed of several endocrine cell populations that secrete _____ hormones. Endocrine cells are surrounded by abundant _______.
The pars distalis is the largest portion and is composed of several endocrine cell populations that secrete pituitary hormones. Endocrine cells are surrounded by abundant capillaries.
Pituitary function
- Name the three different cell types that are found in the pituitary gland.
- List the 3 different types of basophillic cells in the pituitary gland.
- List the 2 different types of acidophils cells in the pituitary gland.
- List the functions of chromophobe cells found in the pituitary gland.
- Basophils, chromophobes, acidophils.
- Corticotrophs = ACTH, Thyroidotrophs = TSH, Gonadotrophs = FSH, LH
- Somatotrophs = GH, Lactotrophs = prolactin
- Chromophobes contain few secretory granules, can secrete any of the hormones; stem cells.
- Name the condition below.
- This condition results in the failure of the _______ ectoderm to develop into hormone-secreting cells of the pars _______. An enlarged _____ replaces almost all of the pituitary gland; its contents may have a ________ look.
- What does this condition lead to?
- Cystic Rathke’s pouch
- This condition results in the failure of the oropharyngeal ectoderm to develop into hormone-secreting cells of the pars distalis. An enlarged cyst replaces almost all of the pituitary gland; its contents may have a gelatinous look.
- Pituitary dwarfism (juvenile panhypopituitarism). Common in GSF.
Affected 5-month-old pup with normal
littermate
Dwarf pups appear normal from birth until
approximately 2 months of age
Dwarf pup: stunted growth and partial
alopecia
Dwarf pups appear normal from birth until
approximately 2 months of age
5-month old German Shepherd dog with pituitary dwarfism.
Retention of puppy hair coat and areas of alopecia
- Name the condition pictured below.
- Describe what this condition can be.
- If large enough, what impact would this have on surrounding structures?
- Adenoma of the pars distalis
- It can be large/small, functional/nonfunctional. If functional it would secrete ACTH.
- Suppress the optic chiasm, the rest of the pituitary gland, and the hypothalamus