Alimentary System, Part 3A +3B, Intestine Cont. Flashcards
Inflammation of the Intestine
Enteritis, typhlitis, colitis, enterocolitis, typhlocolitis,
proctitis
What are the clinical signs of inflammation of the intestine (intestinal lesion)?
Clinical sign: diarrhea which if severe can lead to dehydration, acidosis,
malabsorption, hypoproteinemia, electrolyte imbalance → all of which
can result in death.
What are the Pathophysiologic mechanisms of diarrhea?
malabsorption
secretory diarrhea
exudative diarrhea
go back and review
Severe inflammatory disease causes loss of ?
mucosal integrity. This ↑ mucosal permeability –> bacteria present in there –> systemic circulation. Also, toxin produced by bacteria –> endotoxin and septic shock –> effect cardiovascular function –> contributing factor to the death of an animal.
) which may lead to fatal endotoxic
shock →endotoxins have a severe detrimental effect on
cardiovascular function contributing to circulatory failure.
This is an image of a cow.
- Provide a Morphologic Dx.
- Provide an Etiologic Dx.
- Name the Etiologic Agent
- This condition is seen in which species? Within what age group?
- Describe the clinical signs seen in effected animals.
- Where in the world is this seen?
- Multifocal ulcerative, necrotizing, inflammatory enteritis.
- Viral enteritis
- Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV) [Genus: Pestivirus]
- Cattle, between 7-8 months of age -2 years of age. are more susceptible.
- Sometimes animals that develop mucosal disease have been infected when they were very young or in utero. Later on, if challeneged by virus, develop more severe form of disease. Animals with persistent type of infection are more often infected with a more severe form of the disease. - this infection can be subclinical or produce relatively mild clinical signs. some animals develop mucosal disease –> lesions are more severe and can result in death in some cases.
- Seen in the states, Canada
- Provide a Morphologic Dx.
- Provide an Etiologic Dx.
- Name the Etiologic Agent.
- Which species are affected by this? Within what age group?
- What version of the disease is this?
5A. What is this version’s morbidity and mortality?
5B. This version of the disease occurs most commonly in?
5C. What happens as a result of this infection?
- Focal Necrotizing Enteritis
- Viral enteritis
- BVDV
- Affected cattle are usually 6 months to 2 years of age.
- Peyer’s patch necrosis in cattle.
5A. The most severe form of the disease
(Mucosal disease – low morbidity but high mortality).
5B. Occurs most commonly in persistently infected animals which subsequently become infected with a closely related CP strain; or when the persistent virus develops specific mutations.
5C. Accumulation of lymphocytes in antimesentetric area of SI.
Can be seen grossly sometimes as a slightly raised, oval shape.
- Provide a Morphologic Dx.
- Provide an Etiologic Dx.
- Name the Etiologic Agent.
- Which species are most affected? Within what age group?
- What would you see on histology?
- Describe the pathogenesis of this condition.
- Fibrino-necrotizing vasculitis
- Viral vasculitis
- Ovine herpesvirus 2 –> MCF; Gamma herpesvirus (genus
rhadinovirus) - In America we have the “sheep-Associated MCF” (OHV-2)→ observed in
bovids and deer in contact with sheep.
Affects a variety of ruminants, including bison and cervids. Very severe in cattle b/c virus produces vasculitis (fibrinonecrotizing lymphocytic type of vasculitis and pedivasculitis). - Histo = typical vasculitis; small arteriole, lumen = thrombosis wall has homogenous eosino material representing fibrinonecro vasculitis. This BV is necrotic and the perivasc. infiltrate is primarily composed of lymphocytes.
- Multifocal areas of ulceration and erosion in oral cavity. Other clinical signs: severe diarrhea (depending on where lesions are); systemic condition so can be present anywhere; can be in CNS –> neuro disease, or be in intestine and be presented primarily with diarrhea. Can also develop lesions in the kidney.
- Neonatal diarrhea is primarily seen in which species?
- What is the common etiologic agent of this condition?
- How do you Dx this condition?
- Primarily seen in calves and pigs, but can be seen in any animal.
- Can be caused by coronaviruses but also in combination with other agents like rotavirus or Cryptosporidium
- Dx = done via fecal examination and you need to do PCR or AB test, bacterial culture, viral culture, etc.
Describe the pathogenesis of Coronavirus —> neonatal diarrhea.
Coronavirus infection is mainly focused in ________ ______ –> lesions –> significant villous ______ and ___________.
In pigs, coronavirus produces condition called ________ –> _____ mortality and morbidity in very ________ pigs. This can reach about _____% of suckling piglets. Lesions are going to be primarily located in the _____. See very prominent villous ______ and ______, microscopically = _____ of intestine is very thin due to effect of the coronaviruses on the _____.
Coronavirus infection is mainly focused in SI –> lesions –> significant venous atrophy and blunting.
In pigs, coronavirus produces condition called TGE –> high mortality and morbidity in very young pigs. This can reach about 100% of suckling piglets. Lesions are going to be primarily located in the villi. See very prominent villous atrophy and blunting, microscopically = wall of intestine is very thin due to effect of the coronaviruses on the villi.
You are presented with the body of a piglet who died of an unknown cause. You collect samples, fix, and stain them to determine the cause of death. What do you see in the histological slides below? What do you suspect is the etiologic agent?
A&B: Transmissible gastro-enteritis (TGE) in piglets: Severe villous atrophy (blunting) and fusion. High mortality in young piglets
Corona = crown This virus produces damage to the tip of the villi of enterocytes and sides of the vili. All of this leads to villous atrophy and also blunting b/c the villi start to disappear and then merge with each other. Also characteristic of rotavirus; it also produces very similar microscopic lesions.
You are presented with the body of a piglet who died of an unknown cause. You collect samples, fix, and stain them to determine the cause of death. What do you see in the images below?
What stain was used on the histological sample pictured below?
Grossly, do not see any significant change. Very subjective that wall of SI appears to be thin, translucent, with very little content that could be watery or may see gas. But not really very specific change. Main lesion is microscopically associated with infection of the surface enterocytes and the enterocytes on the sides of the villi.
IHC stain on right.
Rotavirus can cause ________ in young animals of any species. It also causes damage to ________ enterocytes on ____ and ________ resulting in variable degrees of villous ________ and ________. Also effects ________ cells in intestines.
__________ infections are common in piglets.
_______ testing needed to confirm presumptive diagnosis
Rotavirus can cause diarrhea in young animals of any species
It also causes damage to surface enterocytes on top and sides resulting in variable degrees of villous atrophy and blunting. Also affects goblet cells in intestines. Subclinical infections are common in piglets. Ancillary testing needed to confirm presumptive diagnosis
This is an image from a cat.
1. Provide a Morphologic Dx.
2. Provide an Etiologic Dx.
3. Name the Etiologic Agent
4. This condition is seen in which species? Within what age group?
5. Describe the clinical side effects of this infection. What is the main feature in each species affected?
6. Describe the pathogenesis of this disease.
- Necrotizing and hemorrhagic type of enteritis; sometimes characterized by subsidal areas of congestion and hemorrhage
- Viral enteritis
- Parvovirus enteritis, Feline panleukopenia
- Dogs, cats.
- In both puppies and kittens you can have blood abnormalities b/c cells in the hematopoietic tissue, in bone marrow, are replicating all the time so they are the targets of this virus. Sometimes this is the main clinical picture of the dz. In cats, more significant change is panleuk aka decrease in # of leukocytes in the blood. in puppies, the main feat is intestinal lesion.
- This coronavirus effects the cells that have a high replicative/mitotic rate which is why it will target the cells in intestinal cyrpts b.c they arealways dividing and provide the cels that will eventually line the mucosal surface. Within the crypts you have replication of cells and those cells undergoing mitotic activity are the target of Parvovirus –> necrotizing enteritis –> animals die of diarhea, dehydration, electrolyte abnormalities, septic shock, endotoxic shock.
- Provide a Morphologic Dx.
- Provide an Etiologic Dx.
- Segmental fibrino-hemorrhagic enteritis.
- Panleukopenia, cat, TAMU.
diffuse reddening of serosal surface of intestine.
Blood contents within.
look exactly the same as puppy with parvo
What can be seen in the image below?
Describe the pathogenesis.
Lower magnification of marked dilatation of intestinal crypts.
Damage –> changes in mucosal surface b/c cells in crypts line the surface so the areas of loss of epithelium and necrosis on the surface.
- What can be seen in the H&E image below?
- What can be seen in the T&E image below?
Describe the pathogenesis of the condition being pictured.
- H&E image: base of intestinal crypts targeted by parvovirus.
- Exfoliation –> See loss of intestinal lining cells in the crypts. Necrosis of the cells –> disappear –> dilatation of intestinal crypts that have attenuated epithelium trying to replace areas of epithelial lost.
Dilation filled with necrotic debris. Long, flattened epithelial cells trying to cover areas where there is loss of epithelial cells.
Very often, cells in crypts –> intra-nuclear inclusion bodies but many times by the time we examine animals we don’t see these IN IB so the cryptal dilatation, loss of cryptal epithelium, necrotic debris in lumen of crypts, and presence of large, sometimes bizarre looking epithelial cells with swollen nuclei and prominent nucleoli are prominent features of parvovirus MORE than IN IB.
- TEM: negative staining of feces –> see presence of viral particles in feces. –> quick way to diagnose parvovirus infection in cats and dogs
You are working as an ER doctor and are presented with this cat. During your physical exam, you note that this cat’s abdomen is distended. This cat has also been lethargic, inappetent, and has had several bouts of diarrhea. What does this potentially suggest? What is the prognosis of this condition?
What species and within what age group are affected? What will you see in many cases?
This cat may be suffering from FIP, specifically the effusive form. In the effusive form of FIP, you will see acute stages of vasculitis –> leakage of fluid, proteins from lesions. 25% of those cats may also have a bit of pleural effusion and may be presented with clinical signs of respiratory distress.
Fatal disease (poor prognosis) caused by a coronavirus. Most cases occur in young cats between 6-12 months
In many cases you will see wet and dry form
- Provide a MgDx.
- Provide an Etiologic Dx.
- Provide the Etiologic Agent.
- Provide a DDx.
- What is important to note about these lesions?
- Multifocal to coalescing pyogranulomatous nephritis.
- Viral nephritis
- FIP
- DDx: Lymphoma ; Lymphoma lesions are usually more prominent.
- Lesions appear to follow renal vasculature. Very characteristic for nephritis associated with FIP.
What condition is pictured below? How do you know?
Is this acute or chronic? Explain your reasoning.
- Wet form of FIP
- If there is a lot of peritoneal and sometimes pleural effusion –> effusive form
- When condition is more chronic, you see less of this, and more plaques of exudate on the serosal surface of the intestine, the liver, the abdominal organs, the spleen –> pyogranulomatous inflammation. This lesions produced are vasculitis so the effusions you see with a lot of fluid, yellow in color and protein rich, wihtin peritoneal cavity are a classifcal presentation of FIP.
pyogranulomatous inflammation.?
- What is a major cause of Bacterial Enteritis in neonatal animals?
- What are the different clinical syndromes as a result of bacterial enteritis?
- What do virulence factors promote?
- E.coli
- Different strains of E.coli can produce different clinical syndromes.
- colonization or adhesion, metabolic dysfunction or death of enterocytes, affect the
local or systemic vasculature, or promote invasion and septicemia.
- ETEC results in?
- What species are mainly affected?
See below
- Enteroinvasive E.coli causes?
- What species are affected?
Penetrate intestinal mucosa OR come up from other parts of the body and produce systemic collibascilosis (due to enteroinvasive e.coli strains) you may not have diarrhea; may hav eother clinical signs or die. In foals esp., but in calves and pigs too, may have encephaltiis, meningitis, polyarhtirits in foals associated with neonatal umbilical infections due to E.coli, septicemia, meninguoencephalitis. All of these can be a manifestation of this syndrome
- Post-weaning collibacillosis causes?
- What species are affected?
See below
Weaner pigs are around 2 months of age, maybe a little less.
- Describe the pathogenesis of EPEC
- Which species are affected by EPEC?
See below
Edema disease, or ___________ ________, in pigs is a specific syndrome cause by ____ toxin-producing E coli (_____) –specially serotypes?
enterotoxemic colibacillosis, Shiga, STEC, O138, O139 and O141.
This pig is suffering from what bacterial disease?
Describe the pathogenesis of this condition:
Bacterial enterotoxin (________) that causes __________ cell injury in ________ resulting
in _____ loss and ______. Affected animals may
exhibit ?
________ edema, edema of the ______. Presence of edema of _____ _____ –> _______, edema of ______ in pigs as well.
Edema disease (enterotoxemic collibacilosis)
verotoxin, endothelial, arterioles, fluid, edema
focal bilaterally symmetric encephalomalacia (Cerebrospinal angiopathy of swine)
Periocular, snout, spinal chord, diagnostic, mesocolon
This image below was taken from a pig who suffered from what bacterial disease?
Mesenteric edema in the _____ ______ (edema of the _________). Mesentery is _________ grossly; _________ appearance and consistency. Edema of _____ of stomach is also considered to be important diagnostic feat b.c some pigs have that. Pathogenesis is associated with bacterial _______ that will produce damage to arterioles aka a type of _____.
Most common in pigs a few weeks after _____. Edema may be subtle.
Cereborpina angiopathy of swine.
May survive and show ____ signs –> toxin can affect ______ _____ in specific areas of brain –> result in this condition. microscopic eval of this –> presence of this __________ vasculitis typical of cerebrospinal angiopathy.
Edema disease (Enteroteoxemic collibacillosis)
Mesenteric edema in the spiral colon (edema of the mesocolon). Mesentery is translucent grossly; gelatinous appearance and consistency. Edema of wall of stomach is also considered to be important diagnostic feat b.c some pigs have that. Pathogenesis is associaed with bacvterial enterotoxin that will produce damage to arterioles aka a type of vasculitis.
Most common in pigs a few weeks after weaning. Edema may be subtle.
Cereborpina angiopathy of swine.
May survive and show neuro signs –> toxin can affect bv in specific areas of brain –> result in this condition. microscopic eval of this –> presence of this fibrinonecrotzing vasculitis typical of cerebrospinal angiopathy.
- Clostridial enterotoxemia is caused by?
- Animals affected?
- When animals die, what condition are they found in?
- C. perfringens type D produces ?
- Caused by Clostridium perfringens group (type) A to E. Type D is most common.
- Affects the best nourished animals in the group.
- Animals may be found dead or may exhibit bloody diarrhea.
- an angiotoxin (epsilon toxin) which in addition to intestinal lesions causes focal
symmetrical encephalomalacia (FSE) in sheep that survive the acute stages.
food that fcontain too many carbs or protein –> imbalance within normal gut bacterial flora –> c. perfringens prolfierate and produce toxins; this is why someties the best, nourished animals are most susceptible; sometimes dead in a few hours.
Toxin of c. perfringens type D in sheep will produce and sometime in calfs lesions in the brain. This toxin is an angiotoxin –> vascular damage –> produce this condition in sheep/cattle
These are histological samples taken from a chicken suffering from what bacterial disease? What can be seen here?
- Clostridial enteritis (Necrotic enteritis) in a chicken, caused by Clostridium perfringens type A.
- Necrotic villi are lined by Gram positive bacilli, Areas of hemorrhage in intestines, esp. SI.
Clostri attaches ot surface of mucosa. Use special stain to show this, can even see in H&E.
Bacteria attached to the surface
What can be seen in the image below?
Clostridial enteritis (Necrotic enteritis)
in a chicken, AVC. Necrotic villi
are lined by Gram positive bacilli
Clostridium perfringens type A. OIllanes.
Bacterial attached = blue
toxin results in significant necrosis of mucosa
vili –> loss of morphologic detail due to necrosis.
Bacteria attached ot necrotic villi.
Special stain = silver stain.
in poultry produces necrotic enteritis = clostridium perfringens type A
- What is the name of the disease pictured below?
- What is the etiologic agent?
- What species are affected?
- What part of the body is affected?
- Tyzzer’s disease
- (Clostridium piliforme)
- Occurs in multiple species.
- The main target is the liver but lesions also occur in the intestine (port of entry) and the heart.
Bacilli have a criss-cross shape representing Chinese characters/pick up sticks?
Intestinal lesions are more common in rodents and rabbits.
What can be seen in this image?
What is the etiologic agent?
Horse, colon: edema and hemorrhage: Salmonellosis
Wall of intestine is edematous
Multifocal to coalescing areas of hemorrhage, erosion, ulceration, necrosis.
Lesions are more acute here, more hemorrhagic and ulcerative
What can be seen in this image?
What is the etiologic agent?
Fibrino-necrotizing entero-colitis, Horse, Salmonella
Colon of horse with salmonellosis
Covered by fibrin, fecal material on surface
Rememebr in pigs: salmonella produces vasculitis; Cranial hemorrhoidal arteries –> rectal stricture + megacolon in pigs.
Vasculitis can happen in all animals with salmonellosis.
What can be seen in this image?
What is the etiologic agent?
Fibrino-necrotizing entero-colitis, Horse, Salmonella
Colon of horse with salmonellosis
Covered by fibrin, fecal material on surface
What can be seen in this image?
What is the etiologic agent?
_________ organisms present within ingesta can reach systemic circulation and become ________ –> lodge into the lungs.
Horse, Embolic mycotic pneumonia – Sequel of Salmonellosis, Cornell
Fungal organisms present within ingesta can reach systemic circulation and become embolic. For some reason they lodge into the lungs.
Multi-focal lesions in the lungs
What can be seen in this image?
What is the etiologic agent?
Horse, Embolic mycotic pneumonia – Sequel of Salmonellosis,
Multi-focal areas of necrosis, surrounded by rings of hemorrhage. Mycotic pneumonia is an important sequel of salmonellosis in horses.
What can be seen in this image?
What is the etiologic agent?
Pig, chronic salmonellosis, button ulcers, Cornell files
Rectal strictures are other manifestations of chronic salmonellosis → lead to fecal retention, megacolon, abdominal distention.
Fibrinohemorhagic, necrotizing ulcers (chronic)
Pigs can also develop chronic salmonellosis.
Proliferation of MQ in the areas of ulceration.
These are referred to as button ulcers.
Pigs = button ulcers, Etiology - salmonella typhrium
Button ulcers are also important b/c can be seen in pigs with classical swine fever but in the states and canada, this disease has been eradicated. Hemorrhagic splenic infarcts also occur in CSF as well.
What can be seen in this image?
What is the etiologic agent?
Proliferative ileitis: Lawsonia intracellularis, Pig,
The disease, currently named as “Porcine Proliferative Enteropathy” (PPE), causes different syndromes. Worldwide distribution.
Can also affect wildlife, but seen primarily in pigs.
Affects young pigs between 2-4 months of age. Diarrhea on presentation. Lawsonia produces Hyperplasia or proliferation of intestinal cells especially in the intestinal crypts.
Grossly lawsonia produces this classical lesion in ileum, but can also involve the cecum and colon.
If it is a young pig, we examine the ileum first b/c it is easier to find. Looks like a garden hose - thicker and the foldings of the mucosa.
What can be seen in this image?
What is the etiologic agent?
Necrotic enteritis: Lawsonia intracellularis, Pig
Porliferation of mucosa + bacteria
Areas of necrosis covered by fibrin, necrotic debris
more severe form of this disease and animals may die.
You are a pig farmer and find a young sow suffering from profuse hemorrhagic diarrhea. She died a few days later and was found dead in a pool of blood. You send her body to be evaluated by the pathology team and are shown this histological image. Based on this information, provide your Dx.
Proliferative hemorrhagic enteropathy, L. intracellularis, pig,
young sows are presented with profuse hemorrhagic diarrhea; can die acutely, be found dead sometimes in a pool of blood. Mucosa is thickened (wall of intestine is lighter pink band towards center), intestinal lumen is filled with blood.
Proliferative ileitis, Lawsonia intracellularis , pig, Warthin-Starry silver stain
Found thousands of bacteria parasitizing the apical surface of the surface enterocytes and crypt enterocytes. Can demonstrate this with silver stains.
- This image was taken from a pig suffering from?
- This disease is most common in pigs of what age?
- This disease is characterized by?
- Lesions will be confined to which part of the body?
- Swine dysentery (spirochetal colitis ), caused by Brachyspira hyodysenteriae.
- The disease affects mainly pigs 8-14 weeks old (2-3 months).
- Characterized by large bowel diarrhea with mucous and blood in the feces.
- Lesions of the swine dysentery are going to be confined to the large intestine. Lesions can look like the lesions of salmonellosis. BUT in cases of Salmonellosis lesions are in SI and LI. Important to remember. (LI will be –> Hemorrhagic, necrotizing type of enteritis, colitis, Surface of mucosa is covered by fibrinonecrotic debris).
In general, the diarrhea that is presented in animals with dysentery, it is more hemorrhagic/bloody than what you see in salmonellosis (usually will only see a bit of blood in feces).
Swine dysentery –> more mucous in diarrhea.
Swine dysentery, Brachyspira hyodysenteriae
fibrin, necrotic debris
Confined to LI
Swine dysentery, Brachyspira hyodysenteriae
Foal, pyogranulomatous enterocolitis, Rhodococcus equi
Chronic lesions
suppurative exudate
Pyogranulomatous colic lymphadenitis, Rhodococcus equi
LN are small and difficult to find normally, but in this case very prominent –> nodular appearance, may fuse together. If section them, see suppurative exudate.
Pyogranulomatous lymphadenitis, R. equi, foal.
Regional lymph nodes seen here are nodular
You are called out to a horse ranch and are presented with a 6-week old foal experiencing respiratory distress, pyrexia, dyspnea, malaise, and a cough. You prescribe a course of antibiotics but two weeks later the foal is not improving. A few days later, the foal dies. On necropsy you see this. What is your preliminary Dx?
Foal, 6-week-old, Rhodoccocus equi pneumonia
If foal does not respond to common antibiotics used to treat, immediately suspect R. equi.
pyogranulomatous type of pneumonia
Nodules represent pyo pnemonia
You are called to a cattle ranch and are presented with a nearly 2 year old cow experiencing profuse diarrhea, emaciation hypoproteinemia, as well as marked depletion of fat and muscle stores. What is your preliminary Dx? Provide an etiologic agent.
Etiologic agent: Mycobacterium avium, ssp. paratuberculosis
Johne`s disease (paratuberculosis) – Chronic
disease of ruminants. Clinical disease, characterized
by diarrhea, emaciation and hypoproteinemia,
usually occurs in animals older than 19 months.
Very long incubation period, animals exhibiting clinical disease are usually infected in neonatal period. Vertical transmission implicated.
Cattle that are 2 years of age or older present with profuse diarrhea and chronic emaciation.
Prominent pelvic bones seen here
Marked depletion of fat and muscle stores.
NCS-Bovine, Jejunum
Etiology:
Common mistake: may think this is proliferative enteritis in cases of lawsonia in pigs, so need to know species in order to make proper diagnosis.
normal on bottom, affected on top
Lesions primarily in ileum and cecum but can be anywhere in SI and LI.
Sheep, Spain
Epithioliod MQ
Relisten
Goat, AVC –Acid Fast positive organism within macrophages →
Seen in lamina propria of intestinal mucosa. Separate some itnestinal glands. RELISTEN
Purple bacili = bacteria present
Granulomatous lymphangitis with lymphangiectasia in mesenteric lymphatics (rare to see in cattle, but common in goats), Goat – Johne’s disease
Lymphatic vessels of mesentery that are very difficult to recognize we don’t see in cases of paratuberculosis
MQ in the walls and within the lumen of these lymphatics.
Granulomatous lymphangitis with
lymphangiectasia, Goat – Johne’s disease
On histology, we can see in lymphatic vessels of mesentery ?
Many cells here are lymphocytes but also have epithelial MQ filled with bacteria.
Granulomatous Colitis in Boxer dogs and sometimes in french bulldogs (Histiocytic Ulcerative Colitis)
and genetically related french bulldogs.
Multifocal areas of ulceration in the colon. Seen in boxers younger than 2 years of age.
Soft feces all the time
Clear diarrhea is not seen, and some animals may not lose weight. Important condition in boxers.
See prolifertion of epitheliod MQ containing bacteria but in this case the bacteria are enteroinvasive strains of E.coli. Not completely clear if that is the case, but many beleive that this is the case.
Granulomatous Colitis in Boxer dogs
(Histiocytic Ulcerative Colitis)
- Name the disease pictured below.
- This disease is common in which species?
- This disease is associated with?
- Similar findings can be seen in ?
- Granulomatous Colitis
- The disease is common in Boxers.
- Associated with selective intramucosal
colonization by specific strains of E. coli. - Similar findings have been reported in
people with inflammatory bowel
disease, particularly with Crohn’s
disease.
- The calf pictured below is suffering from?
- Name the stain used in the histological image below. What can be seen in this image?
- Name the Etiologic Agent of this condition. This agent is one of the causes of?
- Prior to this calf’s death, diarrhea was found in her stall. Based on the condition she suffered from, what type of diarrhea did she have?
- How can you make your diagnosis?
6.
- Cryptosporidiosis
- Toluidine Blue. Crypto organisms attached to apical surface of enterocytes (little blebs)
- Cryptosporidium parvum (protozoa). This is an important etiologic agent of neonatal diarrhea in calves (susceptible to enteroviruses, coronaviruses, E.coli).
- Type of diarrhea is malabsorptive b/c these organisms will cover surface of intestinal mucosa, decreasing the amt of tissue viable for absorption so they interfere with absorption of nutrients.
- Need to examine very fresh tissues to make Dx. Post-mortem necrosis happens quickly in intestinal mucosa.
Don’t induce any significant inflammatory reaction, but you do see presence of these organisms. If you do a resin imbedded stain with a very thin section you can see this organism better on apical surface of enterocytes.
What can be seen on the apical surface of the enterocyte pictured below? What does this information allow you to do?
Based off of this, what condition do you think this calf is suffering from?
- Cryptosoridium parvum organisms on the apical surface allow you to diagnose this calf with Cryptosporidiosis.
- Cryptosporidiosis
What can be seen in the image below? How does this differ between species?
Cryptosporidium
Proliferative/hyerplastic
Gross lesions of Coccidial enteritis
Focal areas of hyperplasia representing different stages of protozoal agent, Coccidia
Coccidia –> Focal areas of __________ representing different stages of this protozoal agent.
Which animal is more likely to develop clinical disease.
Focal areas of hyperplasia representing different stages of protozoal agent, Coccidia
Hyperplasia of mucosa
In animals that are relatively normal in terms of growth, living in a clean env, the number of coccidial organisms is relatively small and does not produce any clinical disease. If not in good shape they are more likely to develop clinical disease.
Top: Proliferative, hemorrhagic &
necrotizing enteritis, Coccidiosis, calf.
Noah’s Arkive
Lumen of intestine is filled with blood, so it is hemorrhagic enteritis and epithelium is destroyed so necrotizing. Can also see evidence of proliferative lesions, or hyperplastic lesions, in which you can see parasitized enterocytes.
Eimeria spp., HE, Atlantic Veterinary College
- What parasite can be seen below?
- Name the most common ones in dogs.
- Can also be seen in other species?
Hookworms
Dogs: Ancylostoma caninum & Uncinaria stenocephala
Blood sucking parasites that may cause significant anemia and hypo-proteinemia in
puppies.
Larvae may be found in the colostrum. Puppies can get infected at a very young age.
Can produce significant anemia in puppies –> hypo-proteinemia. Teeth allow it to attach to mucosa to suck blood. Can be seen in owls on occasion but does not produce a lot of problems.
Nematodes are approximately 1-1.5 cm .
A 31-year-old horse on presentation had lordosis, ventral deviation of the abdomen. A few days later, died. On necropsy, you find this….
31-year-old horse, UCVM
This horse had lordosis, ventral deviation of the abdomen, was found in the cecum and the colon as well as the ileocecal valve. This parasite is attached to the mucosa –> small areas of ulceration. Does not produce many clinical signs in horses, even in cases of serious infestations. Some reports of colic due to impaction of the ileocecal valve.
- What parasite is pictured below?
- What part of the body is colonized in domestic animals?
- Most infections are?
- Severe infections may lead to?
- Trichuris (Whipworm)
- Trichuris spp. Parasitize the cecum and colon of domestic animals.
- Most infections are subclinical
- Severe infections may lead to bloody diarrhea, weight loss, dehydration and
anemia.
Typical whip shape appearance of the parasites A few cm long.
“Milk spotted liver”,
pig, UCVM (as a result of migration)
Ascaris suum infection,
Pig, AVC
Found in small intestine. Immediately after death they try to leave the body (30 m long). Stage 3 larvae will penetrate wall of intestine –> portal circulation –> mechanical damage to liver –> milk spots of the liver.
Kidney worm of pigs, stephanuris, can produce similar lesions but it is more rare.
Intestinal tumors are most common in ?
Most primary tumors are ________ (of _________ origin).
_______________ may arise in the intestine but in most cases they are a manifestation of _________________ ___________. The exception may be the cat b/c have ________ form of lympho: confined to ?
__________ is the most common neoplasm in cats and the “__________ form” of
lymphosarcoma has the highest incidence in this species.
Intestinal tumors are most common in dogs and cats.
Most primary tumors are
carcinomas (of epithelial origin).
Lymphosarcomas may arise in the intestine but in most cases they are a manifestation of multicentric lymposarcoma. The exception may be the cat b/c have alimentary form of lympho: confined to mediastnum, small intestine, cecum, LN, etc.
LSA is the most common neoplasm in cats and the “alimentary form” of
lymphosarcoma has the highest incidence in this species
Mesenteric lymph nodes large in pigs; pig died of peritonitiis due to rupture of wall due to tumor presence. The cells are invading lymphatics that are draining into lymph nodes, which are also large. This is a rare complication of lymphosarcoma.
