Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Systemic Pathology I > Pathology of the Female Reproductive System - Part 1 > Flashcards

Pathology of the Female Reproductive System - Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Disorders of sexual development (DSD)
* Embryos are ___________
* Presence/absence of ___ chromosome determines Sex
* If XY, the gonads become ______ → ________ and ____-______ hormone: the __________ (Mesonephric) duct persists and the ________ duct (paramesonephric) regresses
* If XX, the gonads become ______ → ________ duct persists and the ______ duct
regresses
* Hormones from the gonads will cause the ______ genitalia to develop either in the male direction (______, ______) or the female direction (_____, ______)

A

bipotential, Y, testes, Testosterone, Anti-Müllerian, Wolffian, Müllerian

ovaries, Müllerian, Wolffian, external, penis, scrotum, clitoris, vulva

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q
  • Abnormalities of sex chromosome origin (Usually _________ to know what went wrong)
  • True hermaphroditism (__________)
  • Results in abnormal appearing ______ genitalia
A

impossible, ovotestes, external

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What can be seen in the image below?
______________ and _______ fusion of the vulvar lips. The external female genitalia were partially masculinized from exposure to ________ and _____ released from testicular tissue present in its ovotestes during embryonic development.

A

Clitoromegaly, partial, testosterone, AMH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What can be seen in the image below?
Abnormal internal reproductive organs from a bitch, revealing a _______ uterus (_____________ duct derived). There are bilateral ___________ that are predominantly testicular and an attached _________
(derived from ________ tubules)

A

hypoplastic, paramesonephric, ovotestes, epididymis, mesonephric

True hermaphroditism (ovotestes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Even relatively small areas of testicular tissue in ovotestes produce sufficient amounts of 2 hormones: ___________ from the interstitial cells and ____-_________ hormone from Sertoli cells, which act during ____ gestation to masculinize the developing _______ and _______ ducts, tubules, and the ____ genitalia

A

testosterone, anti- Müllerian, early, mesonephric, paramesonephric, external

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Freemartinism in bovine
* ______ and ____ twins
* A freemartin is genetically _____, but has many characteristics of a ____
* Female is ______, male is _____
* Anastomoses develop between the placental ________ systems of the 2 fetuses
* Male hormones _______/______ the female genital organs which will be __________.

A

Female, male, female, male, infertile, normal, vascular, masculinize, sterilize, hypoplastic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What condition can be seen below?

A

Freemartinism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Freemartinism results in….
* _______ of ovaries and uterus
* ________ may occur
* Failure of the ____________ ducts to
fuse to form a single ______ body
* Presence of ________ glands
* ______ and _____ does not communicate
* Prominent _____ and a long tuft of ___
attached _______ to the freemartin calf’s
vulva

A

Hypoplasia, Ovotestes, paramesonephric, uterine, vesicular, Uterus, vagina, clitoris, hair, ventrally

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q
A

Freemartinism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) is produced by which gland? What does initiate?

A

The anterior pituitary gland. It initiates the growth of the follicle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Lutenizing hormone (LH) is produced by what gland? What does it stimulate?

A

The anterior pituitary gland
It stimulates follicle growth and rupture and formation of the corpus luteum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Estrogen is produced by the _________ and prepares the uterus for ________. Causes _________ female sexual characteristics.

A

ovary, pregnancy, secondary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Progesterone is produced by the ______ ________ and the _________. This hormone _________ a pregnancy.

A

corpus luteum, placenta, maintains

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Prostaglandins
There are _______ types. Causes CL to _______, follicular ________, etc.

A

many, rupture, rupture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Follicle development

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q
  • Cysts
    Outside = __________ cysts (Typically occurs in which species?)
  • Typically from embryonic structures (________ and ______ ducts)
    *________ finding

Inside = ________ cysts (species?)
- _________ in origin (can cause disease)
- Rete ovarii = ? (embryonic structure: mesonephric tubules)
- Subepithelial surface structures and surface epithelium

A

Periovarian, bitches, mares, cats

Wolffian, Mullerian

Incidental, Ovarian, all domestic, Follicular

non-functional serous cysts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What condition can be seen below?

A

Ovarian cysts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Periovarian cysts
Arise from remnants of:
- ______________ ducts (Mullerian ducts)
- __________ tubules and duct (Wolffian ducts)

A

Paramesonephric, Mesonephric

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Large cystic epoophoron extends from the proximal pole of the ovary of a mare
* From mesonephric tubules
* Incidental findin

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What condition can be seen in this image?
Large cystic _________ extends from the _________ pole of the ovary of a mare
* From ________ tubules
* ________ finding

A

Periovarian cyst
epoophoron, proximal, mesonephric, Incidental

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What condition can be seen in the image below?

A

Paramesonephric duct cyst (fimbrial cyst) extending from the fimbria of the uterine tube of a
mare
- Very common in mares and are incidental finding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

This is a Cystic _______ of a _______ duct adjacent to the _____ tube in a cow.

A

Cystic remnant of a mesonephric duct adjacent to the uterine tube in a cow.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Intraovarian cysts
* Cystic rete ovarii – arise from ________ (_______) ducts remnants
- at the ____ of ovary
- +++_____, ___ and _____ ____.
* Epithelial inclusion cyst of the mare – normal surface epithelium of ovary becomes _______ in ovarian _____ at ovulation
- At the ovulation _____

  • Follicular cyst (_________ follicular cyst)
A

mesonephric, Wolffian, hilus, dogs, cats, guinea pigs, entrapped, stroma, fossa, Anovulatory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What condition is pictured below? What species are typically affected?

A

Cystic rete ovarii – Dogs, cats and guinea pigs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Epithelial inclusion cyst in mares
* From surface epithelium that is _______ during ________.
* Near to ________ fossa
* Can cause infertility by ________ ovulation and __________ the ovary (if ______)
* They ______ and slowly ______ in size (different from ovarian follicles)

A

entrapped, ovulation, ovulation, blocking, compressing, bilateral, persist, increase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

__________ ________ cyst in mares

A

Epithelial inclusion cyst in mares

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

________ _______ cyst in mares

A

Epithelial inclusion cyst in mares

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Anovulatory follicular cysts (_______ follicle) – ______ than they should normally be at
ovulation
* Failure of mature follicle to ______ and persistence
* Cause? Uterine _____? ____ predisposition? Aberration of preovulatory surge of ___
(absence or mistiming) of the surge?
* Possible signs of Hyperestrogenism: bone marrow ______ and changes in the ______
(cystic endometrial ________> ______> ____

A

Graffian, larger, ovulate, infection, Genetic, LH, suppression, uterus, hyperplasia, mucometra, pyometra

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

_____ of follicular cysts is the biggest determining factor of follicular ____
* > 2.5 cm in ____ and 1 cm in ____
* > 1 cm in ___ and ___
* > 0.75 cm in in older ____

A

Size, cysts, cows, sows, sheep, goats, bitches

32
Q
A
33
Q

__________ of the ovaries

A

Duplication of the ovaries

34
Q

Ovarian remnant syndrome: ________ tissue remains inside the body after a female
dog is _____; it can produce _____, triggering signs of ____

A

Ovarian, spayed, estrogen, heat

35
Q

Equine ovarian varicosities
* Effect ____ ______
* _______ of veins > __________ > _________ (in severe cases). Mostly are _______ findings

A

Old mares, Dilation, thrombosis, infarction, incidental

36
Q

Oophoritis (___________ of the ovary)
* Occurence is ____
* __________ infection from ______

A

inflammation, Rare, Ascending, uterus

37
Q

What condition can be seen below?

A

Oophoritis

38
Q

Tumors of the ovary
* __________ cell tumor
* ______________
* __________
* Papillary/cystic __________

A

Granulosa, Dysgerminoma, Teratoma, adenocarcinoma

39
Q

Granulosa (________) Cell Tumor
* 80% of ovarian tumors in _______
* ____lateral, _____ in size, ___ mass
* Usually ______
* Produce ____, _______, ________, ____________ Hormone
– ________, _______‐like behavior
– ________ of contralateral ovary

A

Theca, horses, Uni, large, cystic, benign, estrogen, inhibin, testosterone, Anti-Muellerian, Nymphomania, Stallion, Atrophy

40
Q

What condition is pictured below?

A

Granulosa (theca) cell tumor

41
Q

Dysgerminoma
* Comparable to ________ in testicle
* From ______- cells
* ____lateral, _____ in consistency, ___
* Dogs – 10-20% __________
– More aggressive in _______

A

seminoma, germ, Uni, solid, soft, metastasize, horses

42
Q
A

Dysgerminoma

43
Q
A

Teratoma

44
Q

Teratoma
* Generally well-____________ and ______
* Have differentiation into ____ of the ______ germ cell layers
– Ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm
* Frequently have ?

A

differentiated, benign, two, three, hair, teeth, lung tissue, fat, nerves, etc.

45
Q

Ovarian Carcinoma/cystadenocarcinoma
* ++ ____ and _____
* Arises from the ______ epithelium or SES
* _________ > unilateral
* Grossly: _______ structures extending from the surface
“_______-like appearance”
* Peritoneal implantation = _________
* _____

A

Dogs, chicken, surface, Bilateral, Papillary, cauliflower, carcinomatosis, Ascites

46
Q
A

Ovarian Carcinoma/cystadenocarcinoma

47
Q
A

Ovarian Carcinoma/cystadenocarcinoma
* Chicken with ovarian carcinoma and carcinomatosis

48
Q
  • Hydrosalpinx
    – Blockage results in fluid _________
    – Blockage from _______ defect (_________,
    segmental _____ of the uterine ____) or __________
A

accumulation, congenital, freemartins, aplasia, horn, inflammation

49
Q
  • Salpingitis
    – __________ to uterine disease
    – ________ (_______ manipulation of the ovary)

Acute: T.________, ____/______ (Pyosalpinx)
Chronic: ________ and ________

A

Secondary, Traumatic, manual, pyogenes, Staph, Strept, Mycoplasma, Ureaplasma

50
Q

What condition can be seen here?

A

Hydrosalpinx

51
Q

Pathology of the Uterus
* Developmental
– Segmental aplasia
* Inflammation
* Cystic endometrial hyperplasia
* Neoplasia
* Other

A
52
Q
A

Segmental aplasia

53
Q

Pathology of the Uterus: Inflammation

Name the inflammatory causes of uterine pathologies commonly seen in non-human animals.

A

– Endometritis (postcoitus and postparturition) – inflammation confined to
endometrium
– Metritis (when invade the myometrium)
– Commonly bacterial
* Campylobacter, Tritrichomonas, Trueperella, E. coli, etc.
* Ascending infection if cervix open
– Endometritis in mare

54
Q
A

Endometritis in cows
* Postcoitus/Postpartum (retained placenta)
* Predispose to pyometra

55
Q

__________ _____: a tool to evaluate fertility in the mare

A

Endometrial biopsy

56
Q
A

Endometrial biopsy - normal

57
Q
A

Endometrial biopsy in the mare
* Glandular nesting/loss
* Periglandular and interstitial fibrosis
* Type of inflammation
Grades I, II, III based on the degree of these 3 lesions

58
Q

Endometrial biopsy in the mare
Grade I: >____% chance of _______ and carrying a foal to _____.
Grade II: > ___ to ___% chance of ________ and carrying a foal to _____.
Grade IIb: >___ to ___% probability of _______ and carrying a foal to ____.
Grande III: a ___% or ___ chance of conceiving and carrying a foal to term
* Neutrophils: active _______, _____ infection
* Lymphocytes: ____ inflammation
* Eosinophils: _______, and/or is pooling ____ into the vagina (_______ vagina) making
susceptible to uterine _______.

A

80, conceiving, term, 50, 80, conceiving, term, 10, 50, conceiving, term, 10, less, inflammation, bacterial, chronic, pneumovagina, urine, sinking, infections

59
Q

Pathology of the Uterus
__________ _____________ ________ is a common prelude to other conditions

A

Cystic endometrial hyperplasia

60
Q

What condition can be seen in the image below?

A

Cystic endometrial hyperplasia

61
Q

_____ - ______ Syndrome

A

CEH - Pyometra Syndrome

62
Q

CEH- ___________ Syndrome
* Estrogen (__________ of endometrial glands) and Progesterone (the epithelium becomes ______, and also cause ________ of endometrial glands)
* Most often develops a few weeks after _____, especially in bitches that are not ____
* __. ____ – most common
* Sequela: ?

A

Pyometra, hyperplasia, secretory, hyperplasia, estrus, bred, E. coli

Toxemia/bacteremia, Glomerulonephritis

63
Q

____________ in cows
* Endometritis > inhibit destruction of ____ > persistence of ____ > ↑ ________ > _______

A

Pyometra in cows
* Endometritis > inhibit destruction of CL > persistence of CL > ↑ Progesterone > Pyometra

64
Q

Pathology of the Uterus
* Neoplasia?

A

– Leiomyoma/Leiomyosarcoma
– Uterine adenocarcinoma
– Lymphoma (BLV)

65
Q
A

Uterine leiomyoma/leiomyosarcoma
* Bitch and cow

66
Q

Uterine adenocarcinoma
* Most common tumor in domestic ?
* __________ masses, usually involving ____ horns
* _________ is common

A

rabbits, +/- in cattle, rare in other species

Multicentric, both, Metastasis

67
Q
A

Uterine adenocarcinoma

68
Q

Uterine ___________
* ________ ________ Virus (BLV)

A

Uterine Lymphoma
* Bovine Leukemia Virus (BLV)

69
Q

Pathology of the Uterus
* Other
– Uterine ______
– Uterine _________
– Uterine artery _______ in mares
– Endometrial _______
– __________ of placental sites (SIPS) in bitches

A

torsion, prolapse, rupture, polyps, Subinvolution

70
Q

What condition can be seen below?

A

Uterine torsion

71
Q

Uterine torsion
* ________ uterus
* _____metra/____metra
* Uterine _______
* Can result in _____ of the fetus and ____

A

Gravid, Hydro, Pyo, neoplasia, death, rupture

72
Q

What condition can be seen below?
* Predisposing causes: (1) prolonged _______ relieved by ____ traction, (2) _______ placenta, and (3) postparturient ________.

A

Uterine Prolapse
* Predisposing causes: (1) prolonged dystocia relieved by forced traction, (2) retained placenta,
and (3) postparturient hypocalcemia.

73
Q

Uterine artery rupture in mares
* ___ mares with _____ pregnancies
* Weakening of the ____ of the artery as a result of advanced ___ and _______
enlargement and _____ of the vessels
* Usually _____ ( but may be seen several ____ prior to or following foaling)
* Mild to severe (with ___________ ____)

A

Old, multiple, wall, age, repeated, shrinkage, peripartum, weeks, hypovolemic shock

74
Q

Uterine ________ rupture in mares

A

Uterine artery rupture in mares

75
Q

Endometrial _____ – dogs and cats
* Consist of ________ tissue stroma with _____ glands
* __________
* Predispose to _________

A

Endometrial Polyps – dogs and cats
* Polyps consist of connective tissue stroma with dilated glands
* Pedunculated
* Predispose to prolapse

76
Q

Subinvolution of placental
sites (SIPS)
* After whelping, uterine bleeding typically ceases within __-__ days
* SIPS results in prolonged uterine __________ that manifests as _____ vaginal discharge lasting _____ than ___ weeks
* May lead to _________ infection, ________, and open _________

A

7-10, hemorrhage, bloody, more, six, ascending, endometritis, pyometra

77
Q
A

Subinvolution of placental sites (SIPS)

Systemic Pathology I (27 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions