Pathology of the Female Reproductive System - Part 1 Flashcards
Disorders of sexual development (DSD)
* Embryos are ___________
* Presence/absence of ___ chromosome determines Sex
* If XY, the gonads become ______ → ________ and ____-______ hormone: the __________ (Mesonephric) duct persists and the ________ duct (paramesonephric) regresses
* If XX, the gonads become ______ → ________ duct persists and the ______ duct
regresses
* Hormones from the gonads will cause the ______ genitalia to develop either in the male direction (______, ______) or the female direction (_____, ______)
bipotential, Y, testes, Testosterone, Anti-Müllerian, Wolffian, Müllerian
ovaries, Müllerian, Wolffian, external, penis, scrotum, clitoris, vulva
- Abnormalities of sex chromosome origin (Usually _________ to know what went wrong)
- True hermaphroditism (__________)
- Results in abnormal appearing ______ genitalia
impossible, ovotestes, external
What can be seen in the image below?
______________ and _______ fusion of the vulvar lips. The external female genitalia were partially masculinized from exposure to ________ and _____ released from testicular tissue present in its ovotestes during embryonic development.
Clitoromegaly, partial, testosterone, AMH
What can be seen in the image below?
Abnormal internal reproductive organs from a bitch, revealing a _______ uterus (_____________ duct derived). There are bilateral ___________ that are predominantly testicular and an attached _________
(derived from ________ tubules)
hypoplastic, paramesonephric, ovotestes, epididymis, mesonephric
True hermaphroditism (ovotestes)
Even relatively small areas of testicular tissue in ovotestes produce sufficient amounts of 2 hormones: ___________ from the interstitial cells and ____-_________ hormone from Sertoli cells, which act during ____ gestation to masculinize the developing _______ and _______ ducts, tubules, and the ____ genitalia
testosterone, anti- Müllerian, early, mesonephric, paramesonephric, external
Freemartinism in bovine
* ______ and ____ twins
* A freemartin is genetically _____, but has many characteristics of a ____
* Female is ______, male is _____
* Anastomoses develop between the placental ________ systems of the 2 fetuses
* Male hormones _______/______ the female genital organs which will be __________.
Female, male, female, male, infertile, normal, vascular, masculinize, sterilize, hypoplastic
What condition can be seen below?
Freemartinism
Freemartinism results in….
* _______ of ovaries and uterus
* ________ may occur
* Failure of the ____________ ducts to
fuse to form a single ______ body
* Presence of ________ glands
* ______ and _____ does not communicate
* Prominent _____ and a long tuft of ___
attached _______ to the freemartin calf’s
vulva
Hypoplasia, Ovotestes, paramesonephric, uterine, vesicular, Uterus, vagina, clitoris, hair, ventrally
Freemartinism
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) is produced by which gland? What does initiate?
The anterior pituitary gland. It initiates the growth of the follicle
Lutenizing hormone (LH) is produced by what gland? What does it stimulate?
The anterior pituitary gland
It stimulates follicle growth and rupture and formation of the corpus luteum
Estrogen is produced by the _________ and prepares the uterus for ________. Causes _________ female sexual characteristics.
ovary, pregnancy, secondary
Progesterone is produced by the ______ ________ and the _________. This hormone _________ a pregnancy.
corpus luteum, placenta, maintains
Prostaglandins
There are _______ types. Causes CL to _______, follicular ________, etc.
many, rupture, rupture
Follicle development
- Cysts
Outside = __________ cysts (Typically occurs in which species?) - Typically from embryonic structures (________ and ______ ducts)
*________ finding
Inside = ________ cysts (species?)
- _________ in origin (can cause disease)
- Rete ovarii = ? (embryonic structure: mesonephric tubules)
- Subepithelial surface structures and surface epithelium
Periovarian, bitches, mares, cats
Wolffian, Mullerian
Incidental, Ovarian, all domestic, Follicular
non-functional serous cysts
What condition can be seen below?
Ovarian cysts
Periovarian cysts
Arise from remnants of:
- ______________ ducts (Mullerian ducts)
- __________ tubules and duct (Wolffian ducts)
Paramesonephric, Mesonephric
Large cystic epoophoron extends from the proximal pole of the ovary of a mare
* From mesonephric tubules
* Incidental findin
What condition can be seen in this image?
Large cystic _________ extends from the _________ pole of the ovary of a mare
* From ________ tubules
* ________ finding
Periovarian cyst
epoophoron, proximal, mesonephric, Incidental
What condition can be seen in the image below?
Paramesonephric duct cyst (fimbrial cyst) extending from the fimbria of the uterine tube of a
mare
- Very common in mares and are incidental finding
This is a Cystic _______ of a _______ duct adjacent to the _____ tube in a cow.
Cystic remnant of a mesonephric duct adjacent to the uterine tube in a cow.
Intraovarian cysts
* Cystic rete ovarii – arise from ________ (_______) ducts remnants
- at the ____ of ovary
- +++_____, ___ and _____ ____.
* Epithelial inclusion cyst of the mare – normal surface epithelium of ovary becomes _______ in ovarian _____ at ovulation
- At the ovulation _____
- Follicular cyst (_________ follicular cyst)
mesonephric, Wolffian, hilus, dogs, cats, guinea pigs, entrapped, stroma, fossa, Anovulatory
What condition is pictured below? What species are typically affected?
Cystic rete ovarii – Dogs, cats and guinea pigs
Epithelial inclusion cyst in mares
* From surface epithelium that is _______ during ________.
* Near to ________ fossa
* Can cause infertility by ________ ovulation and __________ the ovary (if ______)
* They ______ and slowly ______ in size (different from ovarian follicles)
entrapped, ovulation, ovulation, blocking, compressing, bilateral, persist, increase
__________ ________ cyst in mares
Epithelial inclusion cyst in mares
________ _______ cyst in mares
Epithelial inclusion cyst in mares
Anovulatory follicular cysts (_______ follicle) – ______ than they should normally be at
ovulation
* Failure of mature follicle to ______ and persistence
* Cause? Uterine _____? ____ predisposition? Aberration of preovulatory surge of ___
(absence or mistiming) of the surge?
* Possible signs of Hyperestrogenism: bone marrow ______ and changes in the ______
(cystic endometrial ________> ______> ____
Graffian, larger, ovulate, infection, Genetic, LH, suppression, uterus, hyperplasia, mucometra, pyometra
_____ of follicular cysts is the biggest determining factor of follicular ____
* > 2.5 cm in ____ and 1 cm in ____
* > 1 cm in ___ and ___
* > 0.75 cm in in older ____
Size, cysts, cows, sows, sheep, goats, bitches
__________ of the ovaries
Duplication of the ovaries
Ovarian remnant syndrome: ________ tissue remains inside the body after a female
dog is _____; it can produce _____, triggering signs of ____
Ovarian, spayed, estrogen, heat
Equine ovarian varicosities
* Effect ____ ______
* _______ of veins > __________ > _________ (in severe cases). Mostly are _______ findings
Old mares, Dilation, thrombosis, infarction, incidental
Oophoritis (___________ of the ovary)
* Occurence is ____
* __________ infection from ______
inflammation, Rare, Ascending, uterus
What condition can be seen below?
Oophoritis
Tumors of the ovary
* __________ cell tumor
* ______________
* __________
* Papillary/cystic __________
Granulosa, Dysgerminoma, Teratoma, adenocarcinoma
Granulosa (________) Cell Tumor
* 80% of ovarian tumors in _______
* ____lateral, _____ in size, ___ mass
* Usually ______
* Produce ____, _______, ________, ____________ Hormone
– ________, _______‐like behavior
– ________ of contralateral ovary
Theca, horses, Uni, large, cystic, benign, estrogen, inhibin, testosterone, Anti-Muellerian, Nymphomania, Stallion, Atrophy
What condition is pictured below?
Granulosa (theca) cell tumor
Dysgerminoma
* Comparable to ________ in testicle
* From ______- cells
* ____lateral, _____ in consistency, ___
* Dogs – 10-20% __________
– More aggressive in _______
seminoma, germ, Uni, solid, soft, metastasize, horses
Dysgerminoma
Teratoma
Teratoma
* Generally well-____________ and ______
* Have differentiation into ____ of the ______ germ cell layers
– Ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm
* Frequently have ?
differentiated, benign, two, three, hair, teeth, lung tissue, fat, nerves, etc.
Ovarian Carcinoma/cystadenocarcinoma
* ++ ____ and _____
* Arises from the ______ epithelium or SES
* _________ > unilateral
* Grossly: _______ structures extending from the surface
“_______-like appearance”
* Peritoneal implantation = _________
* _____
Dogs, chicken, surface, Bilateral, Papillary, cauliflower, carcinomatosis, Ascites
Ovarian Carcinoma/cystadenocarcinoma
Ovarian Carcinoma/cystadenocarcinoma
* Chicken with ovarian carcinoma and carcinomatosis
- Hydrosalpinx
– Blockage results in fluid _________
– Blockage from _______ defect (_________,
segmental _____ of the uterine ____) or __________
accumulation, congenital, freemartins, aplasia, horn, inflammation
- Salpingitis
– __________ to uterine disease
– ________ (_______ manipulation of the ovary)
Acute: T.________, ____/______ (Pyosalpinx)
Chronic: ________ and ________
Secondary, Traumatic, manual, pyogenes, Staph, Strept, Mycoplasma, Ureaplasma
What condition can be seen here?
Hydrosalpinx
Pathology of the Uterus
* Developmental
– Segmental aplasia
* Inflammation
* Cystic endometrial hyperplasia
* Neoplasia
* Other
Segmental aplasia
Pathology of the Uterus: Inflammation
Name the inflammatory causes of uterine pathologies commonly seen in non-human animals.
– Endometritis (postcoitus and postparturition) – inflammation confined to
endometrium
– Metritis (when invade the myometrium)
– Commonly bacterial
* Campylobacter, Tritrichomonas, Trueperella, E. coli, etc.
* Ascending infection if cervix open
– Endometritis in mare
Endometritis in cows
* Postcoitus/Postpartum (retained placenta)
* Predispose to pyometra
__________ _____: a tool to evaluate fertility in the mare
Endometrial biopsy
Endometrial biopsy - normal
Endometrial biopsy in the mare
* Glandular nesting/loss
* Periglandular and interstitial fibrosis
* Type of inflammation
Grades I, II, III based on the degree of these 3 lesions
Endometrial biopsy in the mare
Grade I: >____% chance of _______ and carrying a foal to _____.
Grade II: > ___ to ___% chance of ________ and carrying a foal to _____.
Grade IIb: >___ to ___% probability of _______ and carrying a foal to ____.
Grande III: a ___% or ___ chance of conceiving and carrying a foal to term
* Neutrophils: active _______, _____ infection
* Lymphocytes: ____ inflammation
* Eosinophils: _______, and/or is pooling ____ into the vagina (_______ vagina) making
susceptible to uterine _______.
80, conceiving, term, 50, 80, conceiving, term, 10, 50, conceiving, term, 10, less, inflammation, bacterial, chronic, pneumovagina, urine, sinking, infections
Pathology of the Uterus
__________ _____________ ________ is a common prelude to other conditions
Cystic endometrial hyperplasia
What condition can be seen in the image below?
Cystic endometrial hyperplasia
_____ - ______ Syndrome
CEH - Pyometra Syndrome
CEH- ___________ Syndrome
* Estrogen (__________ of endometrial glands) and Progesterone (the epithelium becomes ______, and also cause ________ of endometrial glands)
* Most often develops a few weeks after _____, especially in bitches that are not ____
* __. ____ – most common
* Sequela: ?
Pyometra, hyperplasia, secretory, hyperplasia, estrus, bred, E. coli
Toxemia/bacteremia, Glomerulonephritis
____________ in cows
* Endometritis > inhibit destruction of ____ > persistence of ____ > ↑ ________ > _______
Pyometra in cows
* Endometritis > inhibit destruction of CL > persistence of CL > ↑ Progesterone > Pyometra
Pathology of the Uterus
* Neoplasia?
– Leiomyoma/Leiomyosarcoma
– Uterine adenocarcinoma
– Lymphoma (BLV)
Uterine leiomyoma/leiomyosarcoma
* Bitch and cow
Uterine adenocarcinoma
* Most common tumor in domestic ?
* __________ masses, usually involving ____ horns
* _________ is common
rabbits, +/- in cattle, rare in other species
Multicentric, both, Metastasis
Uterine adenocarcinoma
Uterine ___________
* ________ ________ Virus (BLV)
Uterine Lymphoma
* Bovine Leukemia Virus (BLV)
Pathology of the Uterus
* Other
– Uterine ______
– Uterine _________
– Uterine artery _______ in mares
– Endometrial _______
– __________ of placental sites (SIPS) in bitches
torsion, prolapse, rupture, polyps, Subinvolution
What condition can be seen below?
Uterine torsion
Uterine torsion
* ________ uterus
* _____metra/____metra
* Uterine _______
* Can result in _____ of the fetus and ____
Gravid, Hydro, Pyo, neoplasia, death, rupture
What condition can be seen below?
* Predisposing causes: (1) prolonged _______ relieved by ____ traction, (2) _______ placenta, and (3) postparturient ________.
Uterine Prolapse
* Predisposing causes: (1) prolonged dystocia relieved by forced traction, (2) retained placenta,
and (3) postparturient hypocalcemia.
Uterine artery rupture in mares
* ___ mares with _____ pregnancies
* Weakening of the ____ of the artery as a result of advanced ___ and _______
enlargement and _____ of the vessels
* Usually _____ ( but may be seen several ____ prior to or following foaling)
* Mild to severe (with ___________ ____)
Old, multiple, wall, age, repeated, shrinkage, peripartum, weeks, hypovolemic shock
Uterine ________ rupture in mares
Uterine artery rupture in mares
Endometrial _____ – dogs and cats
* Consist of ________ tissue stroma with _____ glands
* __________
* Predispose to _________
Endometrial Polyps – dogs and cats
* Polyps consist of connective tissue stroma with dilated glands
* Pedunculated
* Predispose to prolapse
Subinvolution of placental
sites (SIPS)
* After whelping, uterine bleeding typically ceases within __-__ days
* SIPS results in prolonged uterine __________ that manifests as _____ vaginal discharge lasting _____ than ___ weeks
* May lead to _________ infection, ________, and open _________
7-10, hemorrhage, bloody, more, six, ascending, endometritis, pyometra
Subinvolution of placental sites (SIPS)
