Pathology of the Cardiovascular system – Part 2 Flashcards
Primary Cardiomyopathies
1. Present in which species?
2. Which primary cardiomyopathy is most commonly seen in cats?
3. Which primary cardiomyopathy is most commonly seen in dogs? Name the breeds affected and age ranges.
- Present a wide range of domestic, laboratory and wild animal species. In veterinary practice are primarily seen in dogs and cats
- Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is most common in cats
- Dilated cardiomyopathy is most common in dogs,
especially in young to middle-age dogs of giant or large
breeds. Breeds: Saint Bernard, Great Danes, Irish Wolfhounds, Doberman
pinschers, Portuguese Water dogs etc., have an
increased susceptibility (familial pattern).
What can be seen here?
Dog, Dilated cardiomyopathy: rounded and enlarged heart, RUSVM, OI
Cardiac enlargement, heart looks more round, RV is even similar in size to the left which is abnormal.
What can be seen here?
Dilated cardiomyopathy
Increase in amount of sarcomeres within cytoplasm of cardiomyocites.
Occurs consecutively –> increased in length of cardiomyocytes.
What can be seen here?
Dilated cardiomyopathy
Marked dilatation of left and right ventricle.
In order to make your diagnosis, you need to rule out all other differentials.
- What condition is associated with this image?
Cat, HCM, TAMU
Cardiomegaly, enlargement of LV with thickening of wall but decrease in size of ventricular chamber b/c of inter-ventricular septum thickening.
Very often cats compensate and function, but eventually suffer from ischemic damage.
Anything over ____ g is indicative of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.
20
Cat, HCM,
LV = increased in size
What can be seen here?
Cat, HCM
Can make diagnosis with US
Lumen is the hole in the middle.
RV is collapsing (right one).
Areas of pallor within myocardium representing necrosis, cardio degeneration
What can be seen here?
Cat HCM. Cardiomyocytes exhibit variable degrees of hypertrophy
and are often arranged in an interweaving rather than parallel pattern.
From McGavin’s- Pathologic basis of veterinary disease, 4th ed., 2007
What can be seen here?
Cat HCM. Cardiomyocytes exhibit variable degrees of hypertrophy
and are often arranged in an interweaving rather than parallel pattern.
From McGavin’s- Pathologic basis of veterinary disease, 4th ed., 2007
usually more parallel, but weaving pattern present in this condition.
What can be seen here?
N08-F014UCVM – 3y-old male (C) DSH cat
* Presented as an emergency Sunday Nov 30, 2008
* Suddenly meowing and rolling in the middle of the night.
* Mouth breathing.
* Heart murmur
* Posterior paresis/ paralysis
* Cold RF limb and both hind
limbs.
* Euthanized due to poor
prognosis
Marked cardiomegaly. The lungs were congested
and edematous.UCVM-2008
Heart weight: 38.9 g. Normally it should
be no more than16 g. Note marked
enlargement of the left atrium due to
congestive left-sided heart failure, OI,
UCVM-2008
Heart weight: 38.9 g. Normally it should
be no more than16 g. Note marked
enlargement of the left atrium due to
congestive left-sided heart failure, OI,
UCVM-2008
Thrombus at the bifurcation of the abdominal aorta into
the external iliac arteries (“Saddle thrombus” Aorto-iliac thrombosis),
N08-F14 UCVM, OI.
Myocarditis
represents a form of ________ cardiomyopathy
* Often the result of an _______ infection but can also be?
secondary, hematogenous
Viral, Bacterial, or Parasitic (Protozoan: Toxoplasmosis,
sarcocystosis, neosporosis,
encephalitozoonosis = lesions in lab animals in heart and brain., trypanosoma cruzi…;
Metazoan: Cysticercosis, trichinosis)…
,Part of heart that is splitting from the aorta is more susceptible to thrombosis.
E.g. of virus that causes myocarditis in animals —> Parvovirus, virus of foot and mouth disease (younger animals, calves). Encephalomyocarditis virus (zoonotic) in humans produces minor disease; in animals, can have severe myocarditis (seen in elephants both wild and captive).
E.g. of bacteria that causes myocarditis in animals —> histo somni
Cattle, “black leg”, TAMU
Etiology: Clostridium chauvoei
Acute/subacute necrotizing and suppurative
myocarditis –feedlot heifer, UCVM, OI.
Etiology: Histophilo somni
Produces myocarditis, repro tract, chronic arthritis in cattle.
Primarily affects papillary muscles
Acute necrotizing and suppurative myocarditis –
feedlot heifer, UCVM, OI
Etiology: Histophilus somni
Eschewing necrosis surrounded by?
Produces vasculitis. Whenever have vasculitis, have damage to inside of BV —> thrombosis —> ischemic necrosis
Heifer, chronic suppurative myocarditis, CHF
(H. somni), AVC
Animals can survive acute myocarditis
Abscesses in the heart can be secondary to histophilus somni.
Parasitic myositis
* Cysticercosis: Important ______ disease.
* The cysticercus is the ____ stage of a taenia (_________ parasite ) –> tapeworm.
* The adult stage is in the _____ of the definitive host (?). The larval stage (________) is in the _____ of the intermediate host (?).
* Cysticercosis in humans (including neurocysticercosis) is the result of ingestion of taenia ___, not from ingestion of ______. Ingestion of cysticerci by consumption of ___ or _________ cooked pork completes the cycle: formation of the _____ in the intestine.
zoonotic, larval, Platyhelminth, intestine, humans, dogs, wild carnivores, cysticercus, muscle, pigs, cattle, moose, reindeer , cysticerci,etc.,, eggs, raw, incompletely, tapeworm
Pig –Heart & Skeletal muscle,
Cysticercus cellulosae (*Taenia solium** produces c celluloses of
humans) Dr. King`s Show & Tell
Easy to recognize because you see vesicles containing scholex of taenia
Whitish areas representing. The scholex of the taenia.
Parasite may die in there —> secondary mineralization.
In slaughterhouse animals are condemned.
Pig –Heart & Skeletal muscle,
Cysticercus cellulosae (Taenia solium of
humans) Dr. King`s Show & Tell
- Name the forms of Common Cardiac Neoplasia.
- Define Sschwanomma.
- Define Hemangiosarcoma 4. Heart base tumors (usually ______ body tumors
[arise from different types but most common type is _________] which arise from ______ receptors. Seen primarily in ____; usually ______ produce clinical signs because in general they are not ______. Less often tumors arising from
_______ _______ (location?)
*_______ tumors in general are more common than primary tumors.
* Metastatic tumors, including LSA –specially cattle.
- Primary, Rhabdomyoma, Rhabdomyosarcoma, Schwanomma, Hemangiosarcoma
- Schwann cells of cardiac nerves;. See primarily in cattle; subclincial type lesions when you examine tissues from slaughter house. May see nodules of variable size.
- Very common malignant tumor in dogs. Arise anywhere in the body because anywhere you have blood vessels. Can arise form right atrium; Can rupture and produce hemopericardium—> cardiac tapenade —> acute onset of cardiac failure and death.
- aortic, chemodectoma, chemo, dogs, don’t, functional, ectopic thyroid, ectopic thyroid tissue in thoracic cavity; or parathyroid tissue
Secondary
Cardiac muscles are striated. A benign tumor in heart is rhabdomyoma (benign) rhabdomyosarcoma (malignant). more likely a malignant tumor present than a benign tumor.
Atrial HAS, dog
Tumors become large, nodular
HSA, dog, TAMU
If arise in right atrium, they can generate into an emboli. Emboli travel to the lungs b/c they enter RA —> RV —> pulmonary artery —> stuck in small pulmonary artery vessels —> start growing and producing secondary tumors.
Atrial HSA
Nodular lesions filled with blood.
Chemodectoma (heart
base tumor), dog
Found in the base of the heart; may see lesion and dont know what it is)
Look at histo to see where it arises from.
Enzootic bovine leukosis is a ____ disease of adult cattle characterized by neoplasia of ______ and ______ _____.
viral, lymphocytes, lymph nodes
Name the condition associated with this disease.
7y-old Holstein cow, enzootic leukosis, UCVM, O.Illanes
B18-2010
Name the condition associated with this disease.
7y-old Holstein cow, enzootic leukosis, UCVM, O. Illanes,
B18-2010
Nodular pale tan lesion —>, lymphosarcoma
Common location for lymphosarcoma = RA/RV
Name the condition associated with this disease.
7y-old Holstein cow, enzootic leukosis, UCVM, O.Illanes, B18-2010
Lymphocytes
7y-old Holstein cow,
enzootic leukosis, UCVM,
O.Illanes, B18-2010
2 y-old Sheltie, LSA, AVC
Dog totally fine but then came home and dog was dead
Vascular Pathology
Major Arterial Diseases
From McGavin’s Pathologic Basis of
Veterinary Disease
Etiology: Erysipelothrix
rhusiopathiae
Multiple cutaneous infarcts,
Pig –”diamond skin disease”
Etiology: Erysipelothrix
rhusiopathiae
Multiple cutaneous infarcts,
Pig –”diamond skin disease”
Idiopathic necrotizing polyarteritis, juvenile polyarteritis in beagle
dogs,“beagle pain syndrome”.
Inflammation around the wall of the ?, around heart.
Intermittent condition in beagles —> fever, walking around due to meningeal inflammation, joints.
Major Arterial Diseases
From McGavin’s Pathologic Basis of
Veterinary Disease
Name the condition associated with this histological slide.
Describe what can be seen.
- Fibrinoid necrotizing arteritis – swine.
- Left: “Mulberry heart disease”
Name the condition associated with this histological slide.
Describe what can be seen.
- Fibrinoid necrotizing arteritis –
swine. - Gastric submucosal blood vessels –> edema disease (EHEC)
Name the condition associated with this image.
Edema disease (enterotoxemic
colibacillosis) in pigs
Bacterial enterotoxin (verotoxin) that
causes endothelial cell injury in arterioles
resulting in fluid loss and edema. Affected
animals may exhibit focal bilaterally
symmetric encephalomalacia
(Cerebrospinal angiopathy of swine)
Name the condition associated with this image.
Edema disease (enterotoxemic
colibacillosis) in pigs –> Grossly in addition to edema of lining if stomach and edema of spinal segments of colon.
Arteriosclerosis (“________ of the arteries”)
is a generic term applied to the _______
and loss of ______ of arterial walls.
Atherosclerosis is the most important pattern
of _______ and is characterized by
the presence of ______ (or atheromatous
–> _____) plaques within the _____ and _____. These plaques contain ______
and other lipids.
hardening, thickening, elasticity, arteriosclerosis, atheromas, fibrofatty, intima, media, cholesterol
Coronary atherosclerosis, dog, Texas A&M
Cause: Hypothyroidism
Focal slightly raised plaque lesions along length of coronary artery. Happens in dogs associated with hypothyroidism.
Hypoadrenocorticism can sometimes produce this too.
Dog, coronary atherosclerosis,
Cornell files
Severe case
Dog, coronary atherosclerosis,
Cornell files
Dog submitted for post-mortem examination by Lindsey Henderson & Amanda
Hilliard, RUSVM students.
Thickening of arterial walls
Peope with type 2 diabetes, ;esions can cause damage eading to secondayr thrombosis, death
Coronary atherosclerosis,
N87-2011 RUSVM
Coronary atherosclerosis,
N87-2011 RUSVM
Arterial mineralization (arteriosclerosis), cow –Johne’s disease. Also in cattle and horses consuming calcinogenic plants containing Vit D analogs…
In horses and pigs it can be the result of unintended overdosing of Vit D in
the feed.
Atrium may also have areas of mineralization.
Dissecting aneurysm +/- rupture
Focal dilatation of an artery
usually assocaited with some process that weakens wall of artery
can evetnuallr cause rupture of affected region -> stroke
In humans: aortic _____, dissecting ______ are a result of dissection of blood between and along the _____ planes of the ____ (blood-filled channel within the aortic wall) –> can result in ____ and fatal ________.
dissection, hematoma, laminar, media, rupture, hemorrhage
in an artery when there is a weakening of the wall –> blood cna get into layers –> dissecting aneurysm because it is going through walls of vessel
Arterial rupture is ommonly the result of _______ _______. ______ ruptures are rare.
* Fatal rupture of the ______ artery during parturition
occurs occasionally in ____ mares with low ____ _____ levels.
* _______ ______ can lead to rupture of the internal
carotid artery in horses with guttural pouch mycosis.
physical trauma, Spontaneous, uterine, aged, serum copper, Mycotic vasculitis
Fungi love BV. Infiltrate walls –> lesions
Aortic Rupture
* Rupture of the aorta in ______ is well-known but
rare. May occur in periods
of _______ and physical
activity, such as ?
Most cases however are _______ and located at
the ____ of the aorta.
horses, excitement
racing/showjumping, or in
stallions during breeding
(thought to be secondary
to ↑ intra-aortic pressure).
idiopathic, root
There is a high prevalence of aortic rupture in
young _______ horses and rupture occurs at the _____ ______, potentially with __________ _____.
Thoracic aortic rupture in horses – Review article,
Equine Veterinary Journal 49: 269-274 (2017)
Friesian, aortic
arch, aortopulmonary fistulation
Aortic rupture
associated with physical activity
- Name the conditions associated with this image, and the species that are affected.
- What can be seen in this image?
Dissecting aneurysm, pig with
Copper deficiency
Dissecting aneurysms are also reported in the coronary and renal arteries
of young male racing greyhounds – can lead to fatal arterial rupture
Dark and red = area of dissecting aneurysm
Dissecting aneurysm, turkey with
Copper deficiency
Arteritis is defined as?
Inflammation of the arteries. Damages blood vessel walls and reduces blood flow to organs.
Virchow triad
Lesions in vessel –> abnormal blood flow –> thrombsis
these three lead to thrombosis
Damage to wall of BV –> damage of arterial surface –> damage of underlying matrix –> thrombos
Transform soluble protein fibrinogen in blood to fibrin –> mesh around aggregated platelets –> seal
thrombosis occurs when there is an excess formation of this clot.
aggregation of platelets in damaged vessel
Transforms fibrinogen to fibrin
Stabilize damaged area
Thrombis can disappear with time = ideal
? of thrombis = more cascade –> increase thrombus size. Pieces of thrombus can get loose, travel down stream in blood –> emboli.
Pulmonary thrombosis, dog
Arrow pointing to thrombus
dull looking compared to a shiny blood clot
Potential etiology? Heartworm; heartworm travels to pulmonary arteries, producing damage to pulmonary arteries. Another etiology? Renal failure; Seen in dogs with severe
renal glomerular
disease –> protein loosing
nephropathy
–> Significant loss of
Antithrombin III, a major
inhibitor of thrombin
Strongylosis
Colon
Colonic edema – small strongyles (cyathostomes) encysted
in the mucosa,
Horse, UCVM-OI.
Srvere cass of thrombus –> poor produsion of colon and scecum –> colic or infarction of piecs of cecum –> septic periotnitis –> death
Artery is thickened and dilated
?
Friable, yellow material
Obliterated granular mesenteric artery lumen?
Prominnet inflammatory cell infilitrate to the right.
Eosinophils in areas of inflammation becuase this is a parasitic infection.
Histo: Verminous arteritis,
(Strongylus vulgaris) cranial
mesenteric artery,
10-619, UCVM.
Gross: Noah’s Arkive
Saddle thrombosis, cat with HCM
Thrombosis of terminal aorta and iliac arteries in cats
any case of cardiomyopathy can produce saddle thrombosis
