pathology of diabetes and it's complications

Question 1

What are the majority of islet of langerhan cells

Answer 1

Beta cells

Question 2

What do beta cells secrete

Answer 2

Insulin

Question 3

What stimulates insulin

Answer 3

Intake of food converted into glucose

Amino acids, high blood glucose levels

Question 4

How does glucose act on fat

Answer 4

It binds on the fat receptor and drives glucose into the adipocytes

Question 5

What are HLA molecules (human leukocyte antigen)

Answer 5

Molecules that help differentiate between self and non self antigens

Question 6

What happens in type 1 diabetes

Answer 6

Body cannot differentiate own cells from others so autoimmune attacks the beta cells of the islet of langerhan

Question 7

What is a result of the destruction of beta cells

Answer 7

Decreased insulin and therefore increased glucose

Question 8

What is type 2 diabetes

Answer 8

Increased central adiposity which causes stressed adipocytes and results in them secreting free fatty acids into the plasma which causes the adipocytes to have less sensitivity to glucose

reduced sensitivity to insulin (insulin resistance)

Inability to secrete very high levels of insulin

Question 9

How does type 2 diabetes occur

Answer 9

Expanded upper body visceral fat mass which results in increased free fatty acids in the blood ad this causes insulin receptor sensitivity - need more insulin to get the same amount of glucose into cells

Question 10

What does central adiposity lead to

Answer 10

Hyperinsulinaemia - more insulin required to uptake the same amount of glucose as a normal patient

Question 11

How does central adiposity cause diabetes

Answer 11

Enough insulin is not being secreted to withstand the resistance which is building up

Question 12

What is the definition of type 2 diabetes

Answer 12

Multiple gene defect of beta pancreatic cell insulin production which is unmasked by central adiposity

Question 13

What is the most common cause of death in diabetes

Answer 13

Myocardial infarction

Question 14

How does diabetes mellitus affect large vessels (macrovascular)

Answer 14

It accelerates atherosclerosis

Question 15

How is atherosclerosis accelerated in diabetes

Answer 15

Glucose binds to low density lipids and prevents it from binding to the liver cells tightly - this means that the liver cannot remove the LDL and the LDL stays in the blood which causes hyperlipidaemia - hyperlipidaemia causes atherosclerosis

Question 16

What is the effect of diabetes mellitus on basal lamina

Answer 16

Causes molecules under endothelial cell to become trapped and also basal lamina becomes thickened