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endocrine > endocrine surgery > Flashcards

endocrine surgery Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of endocrine glands

A

Secretion of hormones into the blood stream that act on target organs to maintain metabolic equilibrium

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2
Q

What stimulates the release of thyroid hormones

A

TRH released from the hypothalamus which stimulates TSH to be released from the anterior pituitary which then stimulates secretion of T4 and T3 from the thyroid gland

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3
Q

What is the effect of thyroid hormones

A

Increases in carbohydrate and lipid catabolism

Increased protein synthesis
Increase in basal metabolic rate

Growth and maturation

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4
Q

What arteries supply the thyroid gland

A

The superior thyroid artery which is a branch of the carotid artery

Inferior thyroid artery which is a branch of the thyrocervical trunk

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5
Q

What is thyrotoxicosis

A

Excess thyroid hormones circulating due to over-secretion from the thyroid gland (hyperthyroidism`0

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6
Q

How does Grave’s disease work

A

Antibodies mimic TSH bind to receptor and cause thyroid to keep producing T3/T4

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7
Q

What is goitre

A

Enlargement of the thyroid gland

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8
Q

What is the WHO classification for goitre

A

0- impalpable
1a- palpable - invisible on extension
1b - palpable - visible on extension
2 - visble
3 - visible at distance

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9
Q

What is pembertons sign

A

Shows that large goitre will affect the entire airway and venous return from the head which is positive in SVC syndrome (superior vena cava)

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10
Q

What are the complications of thyroidectomy

A

Bleeding
Hoarseness in voice - damage to recurrent laryngeal nerve
Hypocalcaemia - parathyroid damage

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11
Q

What is the sign for hypoparathyroidism

A

Chvosteck/ trosseau’s - tap on facial nerve as it passes through parotid goland and the face will begin to twitch

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12
Q

What are the different types of thyroid cancer

A

papillary, follicular, medullary and anaplastic

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13
Q

What does the medullary thyroid cancer arise from

A

C- cells which secrete calcitonin

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14
Q

What does the papillary, follicular and anaplastic thyroid cancers arise from

A

Follicular epithelial cells where thyroxine is synthesised

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15
Q

Where does thyroid cancer commonly metastasise to

A

lymph nodes, bone and lungs

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16
Q

What is the function of parathyroid glands

A

control calcium levels in the blood

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17
Q

What is the function of calcitrol

A

causes bone resorption and increases calcium reabsorption at the renal tubules

18
Q

What are the three zones of the adrenal cortex

A

Zona glomerulosa
Zona fasciulata
Zona reticularis

19
Q

What does the zona glomerulosa secrete

A

Mineralocorticoids - aldosterone

20
Q

What does the zona fasciculata secrete

A

Glucocorticoids - cortisol

21
Q

What does the zona reticularis secrete

A

Sex hormones - androgens and oestrogens

22
Q

What does the adrenal medulla secrete

A

adrenaline and noradrenaline

23
Q

What artery supplies the suprarenal gland

A

branches of the aorta

24
Q

What is cushing’s syndrome

A

Excess glucocorticoids (Cortisol)

25
Q

What are the symptoms of cushing syndrome

A

Weight gain
central obesity
moon face
buffalo hump
easily bruised
thin skin
purple striae
hirsutism infertility
depression
opportunistic infections

26
Q

What are the signs seen in cushings syndrome

A

Hypertension
diabetes
osteoporosis
ostopenia
Hypokalemia
leukocytosis
lymphopenia

27
Q

What is Conn’s syndrome

A

Excess mineralocorticoids - aldosterone

28
Q

What is the function of aldosterone

A

Increased sodium and water reabsorption and potassium and proton excretion at distal tubule and collecting duct

29
Q

What does Conns present with

A

Hypertension and hypokalaemia

30
Q

Why can adrenal tumours occur in different places in the body

A

Adrenal tissue is not confined to the adrenal gland and can be found in the sympathetic chain - 10% of the tumours are outside of the adrenal gland

31
Q

What is pheochromocytoma

A

A tumour of the adrenal glands that causes an excess in catecholamines

32
Q

What is the symptoms of pheochromocytoma

A

Tachycardia
palpitations
pallor
tremor
headache and sweating

33
Q

What are the signs of phaeochromocytoma

A

Hypertension
orthostatic hypotension
fevor and tremor

34
Q

How is phaeochromocytoma diagnosed

A

Urine - adrenaline has short half life so the metabolites are checked for in the urine

35
Q

What is measured in the urine to diagnose neuroendocrine tumours

A

5-HIAA serum chromogranin

36
Q

What do neuroendocrine tumours secrete

A

serotonin

37
Q

What effects does serotonin cause

A

Flushing, diarrhoea and bronchospasm

38
Q

What is associated with pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours

A

MEN 1

39
Q

What is MEN - multiple endocrine neoplasia

A

Endocrine tumours in multiple organs

40
Q

What is MEN1 commonly associated with

A

tumour of parathyroid glands accompanied with anterior pituitary and endocrine pancreatic tumours

41
Q

What is MEN2 commonly associated with

A

Medullary thyroid cancer accompanied with pheochromocytoma and parathyroid tumours

endocrine (30 decks)

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