Pathology - Nutrition Flashcards
Cause of increased temperature? Be specfic
Increase in greenhouse gases - CO2, ozone and methane and water vapor.
Xenobiotics
Exogenous chemicals that can be inhaled in to the body
Carcinogen in cigarette smoke
Benzoapyrene
Most pervasive air pollutant
Ozone - due to formation of free radicals injuring the mucosal epithelium
Most commonest indoor pollutant
tobacco smoke
Most of Lead Absorbed to what organ
Bones and Teeth
Effects of Lead in adults and children?
Adults: Peripheral neuropathies.
Children: Brain damage.
Also renal failure.
What lead interferes with?
Intereferes with sulhydrylgroups, aminolevulinic acid dehydratase and delta ferrochelatase, inhibits Na/K ATPase causing hemolysis.
Diagnosis of Lead
Zinc protoporphyrin levels are high instead of heme formation and basophilic stippling
Features of mercury poisoning
Tremor, Gingivitis and bizarre behavior
Sources of mercury
Fish and dental amalgams
Minamata disease
release of methyl mercury causing cerebral palsy, deafness, blindness and CNS issues of kids in utero by blocking ion channels
Sources of Arsenic
Wood preservatives, soil, water, herbicides
Most toxic form of Arsenic
Trivalent form
Features of Arsenic Intoxicity
Interference with mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, hyper-pigmentation and hyperkeratosis of the skin, basal and squamous cell and lung carcinomas
Source of cadmium
Nickel-Cadmium batteries. Food is most important source of exposure
Features of cadmium intoxicity
Obstructive lung disease, renal toxicity, osteoporosis and osteomalacia
Rubber workers exposure to benzene risks
Acute Myeloid Leukemia, Aplasia in bone marrow
DDT toxicity
Neurologic toxicity
PCBs toxicity
Skin disorders - Acne, hyper-pigmentation and hyperkeratosis around face and ear
Bisphenol toxicity ( inside of bottles)
Heart Disease
Vinyl chloride toxicity
Angiosarcoma of the liver
Inhalation of mineral dusts toxicity
Pneumoconioses
Most common exogenous cause of human cancer
tobacco
Most preventable cause of human death
Smoking
Effects of nicotine
Binds to brain receptors and releases catecholamines
Most common diseases caused by cigarette smoking
Emphysema, chronic bronchitis, and lung cancer, atherosclerosis and MI
Carcinogens in smoking
Polycyclic hydrocarbons and nitrosamines and aromatic amines
Maternal smoking effects
Increase abortions, preterm births and intrauterine growth retardation
Diagnosis of nicotine blood levels in non smoker is measuring
cotinine
Where does alcohol dehydrogenase works?
Hepatocytes cytosol to make aldehyde
Where does aldehyde dehydrogenase works?
Hepatocytes mitochondria to make acetate
Catalase function? and location
Break down alcohol in the peroxisome
CYP2E1 function and location
Breaks down alcohol and in the microsomes
Why fats accumulates in liver in alcoholics
Due to NAD+ used up to break down alcohol to aldehyde so no more NAD+ to oxidize oxidize fat so liver is stuffed
Acute alcoholism
Its effect is on liver - reversible, gastic damage and ulceration
Chronic alcoholism
affects al other organs and tissues. . alcoholic hepatitis, cirrhosis and increased risk of HCC, cancers of oral caivity, larynx, and esophagus
Alcoholic injury to heart causes
Dilated cardiomyopathy
Moderate alcohol effects
Increase HDL and inhibit platelet aggregation
HRT with estrogen alone causes
increases endometrial cancer and breast cancer, thromboembolism
Oral contraceptives effect
increased risk of thrombosis due to increased coagulation factors and Hepatic adenoma
Effects of large Acetaminophen
Liver toxicity - NAPQI formed so depletes gluthathione and so ROS species cause liver damage
Overdose of aspirin
Dizziness, tinnitis ( ringing ears), , petechial hemorrhage, gastric ulcerations
Analgesic Nephropathy
Aspirin causing tubulonephritis and renal papillary necrosis
Cocaine MOA
Inhibit NE, Epi and DA reuptake. Cause MI because Epi makes heart work harder yet there is coronary vasoconstriction, dilated cardiomyopathy
Heroine
Opiod like morphine. more harmful than cocaine cause of hallucinations, somnolence and sedations, respiratory depression and death, nephrotic syndrome
Most widely used illegal drug
Marijuana
Non-ionizing radiation
Vibrates molecules but does not move
Ionizing radiation
Like X-rays, gamma rays, moves molecules. Mutagenic, carcinogenic and teratogenic
Most important mechanism of DNA damage in ionizing radiation
ROS
Effect of ionization on RBCs and bone marrow
RBCs are radio-resistant but bone marrow cells are not
Primary malnutrition
one or all components of nutrition missing from diet
Secondary, Conditonal malnutrition
Diet adequate but malabsorption is issue
Somatic compartment
skeletal muscles and is proteins in them, affected by marasmus
Viseral compartment
Liver and the protein stores, affected by Kwashiorkor
Marasmus
When weight level is 60% of normal for height, sex and age. Affects somatic compartment. Serum albumin not affected
Kwashiorkor
When there is protein deprivation. There is hypo-albuminemia and generalized edema, hair changes,
fatty liver.
Secondary Protein Energy Metabolism
Person with cancer, lost of weight, muscle atrophy by proteolysis inducing factor.
What makes leptin and adiponectin and functions?
Adipose tissue. Stimulate satiety at the arcuate hypothalamus to release POMC?CART to enhance energy expenditure and weight loss
What makes Ghrelin and function
Stomach..Stimulates hunger at the arcuate nucleus by activating NPY/AgRP for intake and weight gain
What makes Peptide YY and function
Endocrine cells in the Small intestine and ileum
What gene controls leptin?
Melanocortin receptor-4 gene
Benefits of omega 3
Reduce coronary artery disease risk
Issue with Aflatoxin
Can cause HCC
