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Wrap Up > Pathology - Nutrition > Flashcards

Pathology - Nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

Cause of increased temperature? Be specfic

A

Increase in greenhouse gases - CO2, ozone and methane and water vapor.

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2
Q

Xenobiotics

A

Exogenous chemicals that can be inhaled in to the body

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3
Q

Carcinogen in cigarette smoke

A

Benzoapyrene

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4
Q

Most pervasive air pollutant

A

Ozone - due to formation of free radicals injuring the mucosal epithelium

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5
Q

Most commonest indoor pollutant

A

tobacco smoke

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6
Q

Most of Lead Absorbed to what organ

A

Bones and Teeth

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7
Q

Effects of Lead in adults and children?

A

Adults: Peripheral neuropathies.
Children: Brain damage.
Also renal failure.

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8
Q

What lead interferes with?

A

Intereferes with sulhydrylgroups, aminolevulinic acid dehydratase and delta ferrochelatase, inhibits Na/K ATPase causing hemolysis.

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9
Q

Diagnosis of Lead

A

Zinc protoporphyrin levels are high instead of heme formation and basophilic stippling

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10
Q

Features of mercury poisoning

A

Tremor, Gingivitis and bizarre behavior

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11
Q

Sources of mercury

A

Fish and dental amalgams

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12
Q

Minamata disease

A

release of methyl mercury causing cerebral palsy, deafness, blindness and CNS issues of kids in utero by blocking ion channels

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13
Q

Sources of Arsenic

A

Wood preservatives, soil, water, herbicides

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14
Q

Most toxic form of Arsenic

A

Trivalent form

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15
Q

Features of Arsenic Intoxicity

A

Interference with mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, hyper-pigmentation and hyperkeratosis of the skin, basal and squamous cell and lung carcinomas

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16
Q

Source of cadmium

A

Nickel-Cadmium batteries. Food is most important source of exposure

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17
Q

Features of cadmium intoxicity

A

Obstructive lung disease, renal toxicity, osteoporosis and osteomalacia

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18
Q

Rubber workers exposure to benzene risks

A

Acute Myeloid Leukemia, Aplasia in bone marrow

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19
Q

DDT toxicity

A

Neurologic toxicity

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20
Q

PCBs toxicity

A

Skin disorders - Acne, hyper-pigmentation and hyperkeratosis around face and ear

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21
Q

Bisphenol toxicity ( inside of bottles)

A

Heart Disease

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22
Q

Vinyl chloride toxicity

A

Angiosarcoma of the liver

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23
Q

Inhalation of mineral dusts toxicity

A

Pneumoconioses

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24
Q

Most common exogenous cause of human cancer

A

tobacco

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25
Q

Most preventable cause of human death

A

Smoking

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26
Q

Effects of nicotine

A

Binds to brain receptors and releases catecholamines

27
Q

Most common diseases caused by cigarette smoking

A

Emphysema, chronic bronchitis, and lung cancer, atherosclerosis and MI

28
Q

Carcinogens in smoking

A

Polycyclic hydrocarbons and nitrosamines and aromatic amines

29
Q

Maternal smoking effects

A

Increase abortions, preterm births and intrauterine growth retardation

30
Q

Diagnosis of nicotine blood levels in non smoker is measuring

A

cotinine

31
Q

Where does alcohol dehydrogenase works?

A

Hepatocytes cytosol to make aldehyde

32
Q

Where does aldehyde dehydrogenase works?

A

Hepatocytes mitochondria to make acetate

33
Q

Catalase function? and location

A

Break down alcohol in the peroxisome

34
Q

CYP2E1 function and location

A

Breaks down alcohol and in the microsomes

35
Q

Why fats accumulates in liver in alcoholics

A

Due to NAD+ used up to break down alcohol to aldehyde so no more NAD+ to oxidize oxidize fat so liver is stuffed

36
Q

Acute alcoholism

A

Its effect is on liver - reversible, gastic damage and ulceration

37
Q

Chronic alcoholism

A

affects al other organs and tissues. . alcoholic hepatitis, cirrhosis and increased risk of HCC, cancers of oral caivity, larynx, and esophagus

38
Q

Alcoholic injury to heart causes

A

Dilated cardiomyopathy

39
Q

Moderate alcohol effects

A

Increase HDL and inhibit platelet aggregation

40
Q

HRT with estrogen alone causes

A

increases endometrial cancer and breast cancer, thromboembolism

41
Q

Oral contraceptives effect

A

increased risk of thrombosis due to increased coagulation factors and Hepatic adenoma

42
Q

Effects of large Acetaminophen

A

Liver toxicity - NAPQI formed so depletes gluthathione and so ROS species cause liver damage

43
Q

Overdose of aspirin

A

Dizziness, tinnitis ( ringing ears), , petechial hemorrhage, gastric ulcerations

44
Q

Analgesic Nephropathy

A

Aspirin causing tubulonephritis and renal papillary necrosis

45
Q

Cocaine MOA

A

Inhibit NE, Epi and DA reuptake. Cause MI because Epi makes heart work harder yet there is coronary vasoconstriction, dilated cardiomyopathy

46
Q

Heroine

A

Opiod like morphine. more harmful than cocaine cause of hallucinations, somnolence and sedations, respiratory depression and death, nephrotic syndrome

47
Q

Most widely used illegal drug

A

Marijuana

48
Q

Non-ionizing radiation

A

Vibrates molecules but does not move

49
Q

Ionizing radiation

A

Like X-rays, gamma rays, moves molecules. Mutagenic, carcinogenic and teratogenic

50
Q

Most important mechanism of DNA damage in ionizing radiation

A

ROS

51
Q

Effect of ionization on RBCs and bone marrow

A

RBCs are radio-resistant but bone marrow cells are not

52
Q

Primary malnutrition

A

one or all components of nutrition missing from diet

53
Q

Secondary, Conditonal malnutrition

A

Diet adequate but malabsorption is issue

54
Q

Somatic compartment

A

skeletal muscles and is proteins in them, affected by marasmus

55
Q

Viseral compartment

A

Liver and the protein stores, affected by Kwashiorkor

56
Q

Marasmus

A

When weight level is 60% of normal for height, sex and age. Affects somatic compartment. Serum albumin not affected

57
Q

Kwashiorkor

A

When there is protein deprivation. There is hypo-albuminemia and generalized edema, hair changes,
fatty liver.

58
Q

Secondary Protein Energy Metabolism

A

Person with cancer, lost of weight, muscle atrophy by proteolysis inducing factor.

59
Q

What makes leptin and adiponectin and functions?

A

Adipose tissue. Stimulate satiety at the arcuate hypothalamus to release POMC?CART to enhance energy expenditure and weight loss

60
Q

What makes Ghrelin and function

A

Stomach..Stimulates hunger at the arcuate nucleus by activating NPY/AgRP for intake and weight gain

61
Q

What makes Peptide YY and function

A

Endocrine cells in the Small intestine and ileum

62
Q

What gene controls leptin?

A

Melanocortin receptor-4 gene

63
Q

Benefits of omega 3

A

Reduce coronary artery disease risk

64
Q

Issue with Aflatoxin

A

Can cause HCC

Wrap Up (11 decks)

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