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AA_Rapid Review > Pathology: Neoplasia > Flashcards

Pathology: Neoplasia Flashcards

1
Q

What neoplasms are associated with Down Syndrome?

A

ALL (think we ALL fall DOWN), AML

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2
Q

Melanoma, basal cell carcinoma, and especially squamous cell carcinoma of the skin are all associated with what conditions?

A

Xeroderma Pigmentosum, Albinism

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3
Q

What conditions are associated with Gastric adenocarcinoma?

A
  1. Chronic atrophic gastritis;
  2. Post-surgical gastric remnants;
  3. Pernicious Anemia;
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4
Q

What neoplasms are typically found in this condition that is characterized by a facial angiofibroma, seizures and mental retardation?

A

Tuberous Sclerosis
1. Giant cell astrocytoma;
2. Renal angiomyolipoma
3. Cardiac rhabdomyoma;

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5
Q

Actinic Keratosis is associated with what neoplasm?

A

Squamous cell carcinoma of the skin;

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6
Q

Esophageal adenocarcinoma most commonly arises from what condition?

A

Barrett’s Esophagus due to chronic GI reflux

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7
Q

Squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus in associated with what condition?

A

Plummer-Vinson syndrome - presents as a triad of dysphagia , esophageal webs, and iron deficiency anemia.

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8
Q

Hepatocellular carcinoma is often associated with Cirrhosis. What types of patients are at risk?

A
  1. Alcoholics;
  2. Hepatitis B;
  3. Hepatitis C;
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9
Q

Colonic adenocarcinoma is associated with what subtype of inflammatory bowel disease?

A

Ulcerative Colitis

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10
Q

Paget’s disease of the bone is associated with what neoplasms?

A

Secondary osteosarcoma and fibrosarcoma

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11
Q

Immunodeficiency states are associated with what neoplasms?

A

Lymphomas

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12
Q

AIDS is associated with what neoplasms?

A
  1. Aggressive malignant lymphomas (non-Hodgkin’s);
  2. Kaposi’s sarcoma;
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13
Q

In addition to immunodeficiency states, lymphomas are also associated with…

A

Autoimmune diseases (e.g. Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, myasthenia gravis);

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14
Q

Hyperpigmentation and epidermal thickening that can be associated with visceral malignancy (e.g. stomach, lung, uterus):

A

Acanthosis Nigricans

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15
Q

What condition is associated with a malignant melanoma?

A

Dysplastic Nevus

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16
Q

Radiation exposure is associated with what neoplasms?

A
  1. Leukemia;
  2. Sarcoma;
  3. Papillary thyroid cancer;
  4. Breast cancer;
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17
Q

_________ is weight loss, muscle atrophy, and fatigue that occur in chronic disease such as cancer, AIDS, heart failure and TB. What mediates this process?

A

Cachexia
1. TNF-alpha
2. IFN-gamma
3. IL-6

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18
Q

Oncogene associated with CML:

A

ABL-BCR t(9,22)

(ABL codes for a tyrosine kinase & its translocation next to BCR makes it constitutively active, stimulating the proliferation of granulocytes)

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19
Q

Oncogene associated with Burkitt’s Lymphoma:

A

c-myc t(8,14)

(c-myc = nuclear phosphoprotein that functions as a transcription activator. It is translocated to the Ig heavy chain region on chromosome 14)

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20
Q

Oncogene associated with follicular and undifferentiated lymphomas:

A

BCL-2 (anti-apoptotic molecule)

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21
Q

Oncogene associated with breast, ovarian, and gastric carcinomas:

A

HER2/neu (c-erbB2) – (tyrosine kinase)

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22
Q

Oncogene associated with colon carcinoma:

A

ras (GTPase)

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23
Q

Oncogene associated with lung tumors:

A

L-myc (transcription factor)

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24
Q

Oncogene associated with neuroblastoma:

A

N-myc (transcription factor)

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25
Q

Oncogene associated with multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) types 2A and 2B:

A

RET (tyrosine kinase)

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26
Q

Oncogene associated with GI stromal tumor:

A

c-kit (cytokine receptor)

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27
Q

TSG associated with retinoblastoma and osteosarcoma:

A

Rb (inhibits E2F thereby blocking G1 to S phase transition)

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28
Q

TSG associated with most human cancers and particularly with Li-Fraumeni syndrome:

A

p53 (transcription factor for p21 that blocks G1 to S phase)

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29
Q

TSG associated with breast and ovarian cancer:

A

BRCA1/BRCA2 (DNA repair proteins)

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30
Q

TSGs associated with melanoma:

A

p16, BRAF

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31
Q

TSG associated with colorectal cancer (specifically familial adenomatous polyposis):

A

APC

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32
Q

TSG associated with Wilm’s Tumor (nephroblastoma):

A

WT1

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33
Q

TSG associated with neurofibromatosis type 1:

A

NF-1 (RAS GTPase activating protein or RAS-GAP)

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34
Q

TSG associated with neurofibromatosis type 2:

A

NF-2 (Merlin protein) – aka schwannomin

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35
Q

TSG associated with Pancreatic cancer:

A

DPC4
THINK deleted in pancreatic cancer

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36
Q

TSG associated with colon cancer:

A

DCC
THINK – deleted in colon cancer;

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37
Q

What microbe is associated with adult t cell leukemia/lymphoma?

A

HTLV-1

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38
Q

What microbes are associated with hepatocellular carcinoma?

A

Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C virus

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39
Q

What cancers are associated with EBV?

A
  1. Burkitt’s Lymphoma;
  2. Hodgkin’s Lymphoma
  3. Nasopharyngeal carcinoma;
  4. CNS lymphoma (in immunocompromised)
40
Q

What cancers are associated with HPV infection?

A
  1. Cervical carcinoma (HPV 16, 18);
  2. Penile/anal carcinoma;
  3. Upper respiratory SCC
41
Q

HHV-8 is associated with what cancers?

A
  1. Kaposi’s Sarcoma;
  2. Body cavity fluid B-cell lymphoma;
42
Q

H. pylori is associated with what cancers?

A

Gastric adenocarcinoma and lymphoma

43
Q

Bladder cancer (squamous cell) is associated with what microbe?

A

Schistosoma haematobium

44
Q

Cholangiocarcinoma is associated with what microbe?

A

Liver fluke (Clonorchis Sinensis)

45
Q

_____ is used to follow prostate carcinoma. What other conditions can it be elevated?

A

PSH
BPH, prostatitis

46
Q

Marker specific for prostate carcinoma:

A

Prostatic acid phosphatase

47
Q

Carcino-Embryonic Antigen or CEA is a nonspecific marker seen in what cancers?

A

70% of colorectal and pancreatic cancers;
Gastric, breast, and medullary thyroid carcinomas;

48
Q

alpha-fetoprotein is normally made by a fetus. It is associated with what cancers?

A
  1. Hepatocellular carcinoma
  2. Non-seminomatous germ cell tumors (e.g. testis, ovary)
49
Q

This tumor marker is commonly associated with pregnancy. What types of cancer is it associated with?

A

B-hCG
Hydatidiform moles and Choriocarcinoma (Gestational Trophoblastic Disease)

50
Q

Tumor marker associated with ovarian cancer:

A

CA-125

51
Q

Marker associated with neuroendocrine cell tumors (e.g. melanoma, neural tumors, schwannomas):

A

S-100

52
Q

Tumor marker associated with neuroblastoma, lung and gastric cancer:

A

Bombesin

53
Q

Tumor marker associated with Hairy cell leukemia (B cell neoplasm):

A

Tartrate-Resistant Acid Phosphatase (TRAP) – think TRAP the hairy animal !

54
Q

Tumor marker associated with pancreatic adenocarcinoma:

A

CA-19-9

55
Q

Tumor marker associated with medullary thyroid carcinoma:

A

Calcitonin

56
Q

What chemical carcinogen causes hepatocellular carcinoma of the liver?

A

Aflatoxin (Aspergillus)

57
Q

What chemical carcinogen causes angiosarcoma of the liver?

A

Vinyl chloride

58
Q

What chemical carcinogen causes centrilobular necrosis and fatty change of the liver?

A

Carbon Tetrachloride

59
Q

What chemical carcinogen causes gastric cancer in the stomach? (HINT – high incidence in Japan)

A

Nitrosamines (smoked foods)

60
Q

List the organs that cigarette smoke affects and the associated cancer:

A
  1. Larynx (squamous cell carcinoma)
  2. Lung (squamous cell carcinoma + small cell carcinoma)
  3. Kidney (renal cell carcinoma)
  4. Bladder (transitional cell carcinoma)
  5. Pancreas (pancreatic adenocarcinoma)
61
Q

This chemical carcinogen causes bronchogenic carcinoma > mesothelioma:

A

Asbestos

62
Q

What chemical carcinogen causes squamous cell carcinoma of the skin along with angiosarcoma in the liver?

A

Arsenic

63
Q

What chemical carcinogen causes transitional cell carcinoma in the bladder?

A

Naphthalene (aniline) dyes

64
Q

Alkylating agents are chemical carcinogens that can cause….

A

Leukemia

65
Q

Psammoma bodies are laminated, concentric, calcific spherules that are seen in what conditions?

A
  1. Papillary adenocarcinoma of thyroid
  2. Serous papillary cystadenocarcinoma of the ovary
  3. Meningioma
  4. Malignant mesothelioma
66
Q

Cushing’s syndrome can be associated with what neoplasm?

A

Small cell lung carcinoma (produces ACTH or ACTH-like peptide)

67
Q

SIADH can be associated with what neoplasms?

A
  1. Small cell lung carcinoma

2. Intracranial neoplasms

68
Q

Hypercalcemia can be associated with what neoplasms that produce PTH-RP?

A
  1. Squamous cell lung carcinoma
  2. Renal cell carcinoma
  3. Breast cancer;
69
Q

Hypercalcemia can be associated with what neoplasms that produce calcitriol?

A
  1. Hodgkin’s Lymphoma

2. Some non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma

70
Q

Polycythemia due to elevated erythropoietin production is associated with what neoplasms?

A
  1. Renal cell carcinoma
  2. Hemangioblastoma
  3. Hepatocellular carcinoma
  4. Pheochromocytoma
71
Q

Lambert-Eaton syndrome is associated with what neoplasm?

A

Small cell lung carcinoma
(antibodies against pre-synaptic Ca2+ channels at NMJ)

72
Q

List the order of incidence of cancer in males and females:

A

Male: Prostate > Lung > Colon/Rectum

Female: Breast > Lung > Colon Rectum

73
Q

List the order of mortality from cancer in males and females:

A

Male: Lung > Prostate

Female: Lung > Breast

74
Q

50% of brain tumors are from metastases and are typically multiple well-circumscribed tumors at gray/white matter junction. List the order of primary tumors that metastasize to the brain:

A

Lung > Breast > Genitourinary > Osteosarcoma > Melanoma > GI

75
Q

Liver and lung are the most common sites of metastasis after regional lymph nodes. List in order of frequency the primary tumor sites:

A

Colon&raquo_space; Stomach > Pancrease

76
Q

Bone metastasis&raquo_space; Primary bone tumors. Whole body bone scans shows tumor predilection for the axial skeleton. List in order of frequency the primary tumor sites:

A

Prostate, breast > lung > thyroid, testes

77
Q

How can you tell the difference between a lung, prostate or breast cancer metastasis to the bone?

A 
Lung = lytic lesion
Prostate = blastic lesion
Breast = lytic and blastic lesion
78
Q

Overexpressed in astrocytoma:

A

Platelet Derived Growth Factor (PDGF)

79
Q

Cell cycle regulator turned oncogene associated with mantle cell lymphoma:

A

Cyclin D1 – involves t(11,14) involving IgH (heavy chain)

cyclin D1 = promoter of G1 - S phase transition

80
Q

Cell cycle regulator turned oncogene that is amplified in melanoma:

A

CDK4

81
Q

Explain how RAS works:

A

Mutated RAS – inhibits the activity of GTPase activating protein. This prolongs the activated state of RAS, resulting in increased growth signals.

82
Q

Necessary for cell immortality:

A

Telomerase – normally telomeres shorten with serial cell divisions, eventually resulting in cellular senescence. Cancer cells have upregulated telomerase, which preserves telomeres

83
Q

Necessary for tumor survival and growth:

A

Angiogenesis – production of new blood vessels – FGF and VEGF are commonly produced by tumor cells.

84
Q

Mutations often result in the production of abnormal proteins, which are expressed on MHC class I. CD8+ T cells detect and destroy such mutated cells. How do tumor cells avoid immune surveillance?

A

Via the downregulation of MHC Class I – note that states of immunodeficiency increases the risk for cancer

85
Q

Seeding of body cavities is characteristic of this cancer that often involves the peritoneum – “omental caking”:

A

Ovarian Carcinoma

86
Q

The first stop in metastasis:

A

Initial spread is to regional draining lymph nodes

87
Q

What is the function of the gene that is mutated in Retinoblastomas?

A

Rb “holds” the E2F transcription factor, which is necessary for transition to the S phase. By doing so Rb exerts control over cell cycle progression. E2F is only released when Rb is phosphorylated by CyclinD/CDK-4 complex. Rb mutation results in constitutively free E2F, allowing progression through the cell cycle and uncontrolled growth of cells.

88
Q

Hematogenous spread is typically characteristic of sarcomas but some carcinomas can also spread via circulation. What are they?

A
  1. Renal cell carcinoma (invades renal vein)
  2. Hepatocellular carcinoma (invades hepatic vein)
  3. Follicular carcinoma of the thyroid;4. Choriocarcinoma
89
Q

Intermediate filament found in epithelium:

A

Keratin

90
Q

Intermediate filament found in mesenchyme:

A

Vimentin

91
Q

Intermediate filament found in muscle:

A

Desmin

92
Q

Intermediate filament found in neuroglia cells:

A

GFAP

93
Q

Intermediate filament found in neurons:

A

Neurofilament

94
Q

Gene mutation ass’d w/ Renal Cell Carcinoma?

A

Gene deletion on Chromosome 3

95
Q

Gene mutation ass’d w/ Wilm’s Tumor (Nephroblastoma)?

A

Deletion of tumor suppressor gene WT1 on chromosome 11

most common renal malignancy of early childhood, 2-4 yrs.

96
Q

Transitional Cell Carcinoma is ass’d w/ what 4 things?

A

Phenacetin, Smoking, Aniline dyes, Cyclophosphamide

problems w/ your “Pee SAC”

AA_Rapid Review (15 decks)

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