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AA_Rapid Review > Key Associations > Flashcards

Key Associations Flashcards

1
Q

Actinic (solar) keratosis

A

Precursor to squamous cell carcinoma

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2
Q

Acute gastric ulcer associated with CNS injury

A

Cushing’s ulcer- Increased ICP stimulates vagal gastric secretion

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3
Q

Acute gastric ulcer associated with severe burns

A

Curling’s ulcer- greatly reduced plasma volume results in sloughing of gastric mucosa

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4
Q

Alternating areas of transmural inflammation and normal colon

A

Skip lesions- Crohn’s disease

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5
Q

Aneurysm, dissecting

A

Hypertension

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6
Q

Aortic aneurysm, dissecting

A

Hypertension

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7
Q

Aortic aneurysm, abdominal and descending aorta

A

Atherosclerosis

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8
Q

Aortic aneurysm, arch

A

Tertiary syphilis (syphilitic aortitis), vasa vasorum destruction

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9
Q

Aortic aneurysm, ascending

A

Marfan’s syndrome- idiopathic cystic medial degeneration

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10
Q

Atrophy of the mammillary bodies

A

Wernicke’s encephalopathy- thiamine deficiency causing ataxia, ophthalmoplegia, and confusion

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11
Q

Autosplenectomy (fibrosis and shrinkage)

A

Sickle cell anemia (hemoglobin S)

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12
Q

Bacteria associated gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, and stomach cancer

A

H. pylori

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13
Q

Bacterial meningitis (adults and elderly)

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae

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14
Q

Benign melanocytic nevus

A

Spitz nevus– most common in first two decades

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15
Q

Bleeding disorder with GpIb deficiency

A

Bernard-Soulier syndrome- defect in platelet adhesion to von Willebrand’s factor

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16
Q

Brain tumor (adults)

A

Supratentorial: mets>astrocytoma (including glioblastoma multiforme)>meningioma>schwannoma

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17
Q

Brain tumor (kids)

A

Infratentorial: medulloblastoma (cerebellum)

Supratentorial: craniopharyngioma (cerebrum)

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18
Q

Breast Cancer

A

Infiltrating ductal carcinoma– in the U.S. 1/9 women will develop breast cancer

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19
Q

Breast Mass

A

Fibrocystic change, carcinoma (in postmenopausal women)

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20
Q

Breast tumor (benign)

A

Fibroadenoma

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21
Q

Cardiac primary tumor in kids

A

Rhabdomyoma– often seen in tuberous sclerosis

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22
Q

Cardiac manifestation in lupus

A

Libman-Sacks endocarditis– non-bacterial, affecting both sides of mitral valve

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23
Q

Cardiac tumor (adults)

A

Mets, primary myxoma (4:1 left to right atrium; ball and valve”)”

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24
Q

Cerebellar tonsillar herniation

A

Chiari malformation–often present with progressive hydrocephalus

(may be ass’d w/ meningomyelocele & syringomyelia)

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25
Q

Chronic arrhythmia

A

Atrial fibrillation- associated with a high risk for emboli

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26
Q

Chronic atrophic gastritis (autoimmune)

A

Predisposition to gastric carcinoma– can also cause pernicious anemia

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27
Q

Clear cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina

A

DES exposure in utero

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28
Q

Compression fracture

A

Osteoperosis– type I found in postmenopausal woman; type II found in an elderly man or woman

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29
Q

CAH, hypotension

A

21-hydroxylase deficiency

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30
Q

Congenital cardiac anomaly

A

VSD

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31
Q

Congenital conjugated hyperbilirubinemia (black liver)

A

Dubin-Johnson syndrome– inability of hepatocytes to secrete conjugated bilirubin into bile

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32
Q

Constrictive pericarditis

A

Tuberculosis (developing world); SLE (developed world)

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33
Q

Coronary artery involved in thrombosis

A

LAD>RCA>LCA

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34
Q

Cretinism

A

Iodine deficient/hypothyroidism

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35
Q

Cushing’s Syndrome

A
  • Iatrogenic Cushing’s from corticosteroid therapy
  • Adrenocortical adenoma- secretes excess cortisol
  • ACTH secreting pituitary adenoma
  • Paraneoplastic Cushing’s due to ACTH secretion by tumors
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36
Q

Cyanosis (early, less common)

A

Tetralogy of Fallot, transposition of great vessels, truncus arteriosus

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37
Q

Cyanosis (late; more common)

A

VSD, ASD, PDA

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38
Q

Death in CML

A

Blast crisis

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39
Q

Death in SLE

A

Lupus nephropathy

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40
Q

Dementia

A

Alzheimer’s disease, multiple infarcts

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41
Q

Demyelinating disease in young women

A

MS

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42
Q

DIC

A

Severe sepsis, obstetric complications, cancer, burns trauma, major surgery

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43
Q

Dietary deficit

A

Iron

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44
Q

Diverticulum in pharynx

A

Zenker’s diverticulum- diagnosed with barium swallow

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45
Q

Ejection click

A

Aortic/pulmonic stenosis

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46
Q

Esophageal cancer

A

Squamous cell carcinoma (worldwide); adenocarcinoma (U.S.)

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47
Q

Food toxin (exotoxin mediated)

A

S. aureus, B. cereus

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48
Q

Glomerulonephritis (adults)

A

Berger’s disease- IgA nephropathy

Don’t confuse with Buerger’s disease

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49
Q

Gynecologic malignancy

A

Endometrial carcinoma- most common in U.S.

Cercival carcinoma- most common worldwide

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50
Q

Heart murmur, congenital

A

Mitral valve prolapse

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51
Q

Heart valve in bacterial endocarditis

A

Mitral>aortic (rheumatic fever); tricuspid in IV drug users

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52
Q

Helminth infection in U.S.

A

Enterobius vermicularis, Ascaris lumbricoides

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53
Q

Hematoma- epidural

A

Rupture of middle meningeal artery (trauma; lentiform shaped)

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54
Q

Hematoma- subdural

A

Rupture of bridging veins (crescent shaped)

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55
Q

Hemochromatosis

A

Multiple blood transfusions or hereditary HFE mutation– can result in CHF, bronze diabetes”, and increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma”

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56
Q

Hepatocellular carcinoma

A

Cirrhotic liver- associated with hepatitis B and C and with alcoholism

57
Q

Hereditary bleeding disorder

A

von Willebrand disease

58
Q

Hereditary harmless jaundice

A

Gilbert’s syndrome- benign congenital unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia

Exacerbated by stress

59
Q

HLA-B27

A

Ankylosing spondylitis, Reiter’s syndrome, Ulcerative colitis, psoriasis

60
Q

HLA-DR3 or DR4

A

T1DM, RA, SLE

61
Q

Holosystolic murmur

A

VSD, tricuspid regurgitation, mitral regurgitation

62
Q

Hypercoagulability, endothelial damage, blood stasis

A

Virchow’s triad- results in venous thrombosis

63
Q

Hypertension, secondary

A

Renal disease

64
Q

Hypoparathyroidism

A

Accidental excision during thyroidectomy

65
Q

Hypopituitarism

A

Pituitary adenoma (usually benign)

66
Q

Infection secondary to blood transfusion

A

Hepatitis C

67
Q

Infections in Chronic Granulomatous Disease

A

S. aureus, E. coli, Aspergillus (catalase positive)

68
Q

Kidney stones

A

Calcium = Radiopaque

Struvite (ammonium) = Radiopaque (formed by urease-positive organisms such as Proteus vulgaris or Staphylococcus)

Uric acid = Radiolucent

69
Q

Late cyanotic shunt (uncorrected L–>R becomes R–>L)

A

Eisenmenger’s syndrome (caused by ASD, VSD, PDA; results in pulmonary hypertension/polycythemia)

70
Q

Liver disease

A

Alcoholic Cirrhosis

71
Q

Lysosomal storage disease

A

Gaucher’s disease

72
Q

Male cancer

A

Prostatic carcinoma

73
Q

Malignancy associated with noninfectious fever

A

Hodgkin’s lymphoma

74
Q

Malignancy (kids)

A

ALL, medulloblastoma (cerebellum)

75
Q

Mental retardation

A

Down syndrome, fragile X syndrome

76
Q

Mets to bone

A

Prostate, breast>lung> thyroid,testes

77
Q

Mets to brain

A

Lung> breast> genitourinary>osteosarcoma>melanoma>GI

78
Q

Mets to liver

A

Colon»stomach, pancreas

79
Q

Mitochondrial inheritance

A

Disease occurs in both males and females, inherited through females only

80
Q

Mitral valve stenosis

A

Rheumatic heart disease

81
Q

Mixed (UMN and LMN) motor neuron disease

A

ALS

82
Q

Myocarditis

A

Coxsackie B

83
Q

Nephrotic Syndrome (Adults)

A

FSGS

84
Q

Nephrotic syndrome (kids)

A

Minimal change disease

85
Q

Neuron migration failure

A

Kallmann syndrome– hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and anosmia

86
Q

Nosocomial pneumonia

A

Klebsiella, E. coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa

87
Q

Obstruction of male urinary tract

A

BPH

88
Q

Opening snap

A

Mitral stenosis

89
Q

Oppurtunistic infection in AIDS

A

Pneumocystis jirovecii penumonia

90
Q

Osteomyelitis

A

S. aureus

91
Q

Osteomyelitis in sickle cell disease

A

Salmonella

92
Q

Osteomyelitis with IV drug use

A

Pseudomonas, S. aureus

93
Q

Ovarian Mets from gastric carcinoma or breast cancer

A

Krukenberg tumor– mucin secreting signet-ring cells

94
Q

Ovarian tumor (benign, bilateral)

A

Serous cystadenoma

95
Q

Ovarian tumor (malignant)

A

Serous cystadenocarcinoma

96
Q

Pancreatitis (acute)

A

Gallstones, alcohol

97
Q

Pancreatitis (chronic)

A

Alcohol (adults), cystic fibrosis (kids)

98
Q

Patient with ALL/CLL/AML/CML

A

ALL- kids

CLL- adult>60

AML- adult ~65

CML- adult 30-60

99
Q

Pelvic Inflammatory disease

A

Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae

100
Q

Philadelphia chromosome t(9;22) (bcr-abl)

A

CML– can sometimes be associated with ALL/AML

101
Q

Pituitary tumor

A

Prolactinoma, somatotropic acidophile” adenoma”

102
Q

Primary amenorrhea

A

Turner syndrome (45XO)

103
Q

Primary bone tumor (adults)

A

Multiple myeloma

104
Q

Primary hyperaldosteronism

A

Adenoma of adrenal cortex

105
Q

Primary hyperparathryoidism

A

Adenomas, hyperplasia, carcinoma

106
Q

Primary liver cancer

A

Hepatocellular carcinoma (chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, hemochromatosis, A-1-A deficiency)

107
Q

Pulmonary hypertension

A

COPD

108
Q

Recurrent inflammation/thrombosis of small/medium vessels in extremities

A

Buerger’s disease (strongly associated with tobacco)

109
Q

Renal tumor

A

Renal cell carcinoma: associated with VHL and cigarette smoking; paraneoplastic syndrome (EPO, renin, PTH, ACTH)

110
Q

Right heart failure due to pulmonary cause

A

Cor pulmonale

111
Q

S3 (protodiastolic gallop)

A

Increased ventricular filling- left to right shunt, mitral regurgitation, LV failure (CHF)

112
Q

S4 (presystolic gallop)

A

Stiff/hypertrophic ventricle– aortic stenosis, restrictive cardiomyopathy

113
Q

Secondary hyperparathyroidism

A

Hypocalcemia of chronic kidney disease

114
Q

STD

A

Chlamydia– usually coinfected with gonorrhea

115
Q

SIADH

A

Small cell carcinoma of the lung (oat cell)

116
Q

Site of diverticula

A

Sigmoid colon

117
Q

Sites of atherosclerosis

A

Abdominal aorta > coronary artery > popliteal artery > carotid artery

118
Q

Stomach carcinoma

A

Adenocarcinoma

119
Q

Stomach ulcerations and high gastrin levels

A

Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (gastrinoma of duodenum or pancreas)

120
Q

t(14;18)

A

Follicular lymphomas (bcl-2 activation)

121
Q

t (8;14)

A

Burkitt’s lymphoma (c-myc activation)

122
Q

t(9;22)

A

Philadelphia chromosome, CML (bcr-abl fusion gene)

123
Q

Temporal arteritis

A

Risk of ipsilateral blindness due to thrombosis of ophthalmic artery; polymalgia rheumatica

124
Q

Testicular tumor

A

Seminoma

125
Q

Thyroid cancer

A

Papillary carcinoma

126
Q

Tumor in women

A

Leiomyoma- estrogen dependent, not precancerous

127
Q

Tumor in infancy

A

Hemangioma- usually regresses spontaneously by childhood

128
Q

Tumor in men

A

Lipoma is most common (according to Goljan)

129
Q

Tumor of the adrenal medulla (adults)

A

Pheochromocytoma (usually benign)

130
Q

Tumor of the adrenal medulla (children)

A

Neuroblastoma (malignant)

131
Q

Type of Hodgkin’s

A

Nodular Sclerosis

Mixed cellularity

Lymphocytic predominance

Lymphocytic depletion

132
Q

UTI

A

E. coli, Staph saprophyticus (young women)

133
Q

Viral encephalitis affecting the temporal lobe

A

HSV-1

134
Q

Vitamin deficiency (U.S)

A

Folate– pregnant women are at high risk; body stores only 3 to 4 month supply; prevents neural tube defects

135
Q

Infant w/ dilated ventricles & stenosis of channel from 3rd → 4th ventricle

A

Cerebral Aqueduct Stenosis (congenital)

  • presents w/ enlarging head circumference
136
Q

Congenital failure to develop Cerebellar Vermis

A

Dandy-Walker Malformation

presents w/ massively dilated 4th ventricle & absence of cerebellum; often accompanied by hydrocephalus

137
Q

Lower Motor Neuron signs following infection

A

Poliomyelitis

Poliovirus (fecal-oral transmission) infects anterior horn

138
Q

“Floppy Baby”

A

Werndig Hoffman disease

  • inherited (AR) degeneration of anterior motor horn
  • death w/in a few years of birth
139
Q

Zinc-copper Superoxide Dismutase mutation

A

Familial Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

AA_Rapid Review (15 decks)

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