Key Associations Flashcards
Actinic (solar) keratosis
Precursor to squamous cell carcinoma
Acute gastric ulcer associated with CNS injury
Cushing’s ulcer- Increased ICP stimulates vagal gastric secretion
Acute gastric ulcer associated with severe burns
Curling’s ulcer- greatly reduced plasma volume results in sloughing of gastric mucosa
Alternating areas of transmural inflammation and normal colon
Skip lesions- Crohn’s disease
Aneurysm, dissecting
Hypertension
Aortic aneurysm, dissecting
Hypertension
Aortic aneurysm, abdominal and descending aorta
Atherosclerosis
Aortic aneurysm, arch
Tertiary syphilis (syphilitic aortitis), vasa vasorum destruction
Aortic aneurysm, ascending
Marfan’s syndrome- idiopathic cystic medial degeneration
Atrophy of the mammillary bodies
Wernicke’s encephalopathy- thiamine deficiency causing ataxia, ophthalmoplegia, and confusion
Autosplenectomy (fibrosis and shrinkage)
Sickle cell anemia (hemoglobin S)
Bacteria associated gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, and stomach cancer
H. pylori
Bacterial meningitis (adults and elderly)
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Benign melanocytic nevus
Spitz nevus– most common in first two decades
Bleeding disorder with GpIb deficiency
Bernard-Soulier syndrome- defect in platelet adhesion to von Willebrand’s factor
Brain tumor (adults)
Supratentorial: mets>astrocytoma (including glioblastoma multiforme)>meningioma>schwannoma
Brain tumor (kids)
Infratentorial: medulloblastoma (cerebellum)
Supratentorial: craniopharyngioma (cerebrum)
Breast Cancer
Infiltrating ductal carcinoma– in the U.S. 1/9 women will develop breast cancer
Breast Mass
Fibrocystic change, carcinoma (in postmenopausal women)
Breast tumor (benign)
Fibroadenoma
Cardiac primary tumor in kids
Rhabdomyoma– often seen in tuberous sclerosis
Cardiac manifestation in lupus
Libman-Sacks endocarditis– non-bacterial, affecting both sides of mitral valve
Cardiac tumor (adults)
Mets, primary myxoma (4:1 left to right atrium; ball and valve”)”
Cerebellar tonsillar herniation
Chiari malformation–often present with progressive hydrocephalus
(may be ass’d w/ meningomyelocele & syringomyelia)
Chronic arrhythmia
Atrial fibrillation- associated with a high risk for emboli
Chronic atrophic gastritis (autoimmune)
Predisposition to gastric carcinoma– can also cause pernicious anemia
Clear cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina
DES exposure in utero
Compression fracture
Osteoperosis– type I found in postmenopausal woman; type II found in an elderly man or woman
CAH, hypotension
21-hydroxylase deficiency
Congenital cardiac anomaly
VSD
Congenital conjugated hyperbilirubinemia (black liver)
Dubin-Johnson syndrome– inability of hepatocytes to secrete conjugated bilirubin into bile
Constrictive pericarditis
Tuberculosis (developing world); SLE (developed world)
Coronary artery involved in thrombosis
LAD>RCA>LCA
Cretinism
Iodine deficient/hypothyroidism
Cushing’s Syndrome
- Iatrogenic Cushing’s from corticosteroid therapy
- Adrenocortical adenoma- secretes excess cortisol
- ACTH secreting pituitary adenoma
- Paraneoplastic Cushing’s due to ACTH secretion by tumors
Cyanosis (early, less common)
Tetralogy of Fallot, transposition of great vessels, truncus arteriosus
Cyanosis (late; more common)
VSD, ASD, PDA
Death in CML
Blast crisis
Death in SLE
Lupus nephropathy
Dementia
Alzheimer’s disease, multiple infarcts
Demyelinating disease in young women
MS
DIC
Severe sepsis, obstetric complications, cancer, burns trauma, major surgery
Dietary deficit
Iron
Diverticulum in pharynx
Zenker’s diverticulum- diagnosed with barium swallow
Ejection click
Aortic/pulmonic stenosis
Esophageal cancer
Squamous cell carcinoma (worldwide); adenocarcinoma (U.S.)
Food toxin (exotoxin mediated)
S. aureus, B. cereus
Glomerulonephritis (adults)
Berger’s disease- IgA nephropathy
Don’t confuse with Buerger’s disease
Gynecologic malignancy
Endometrial carcinoma- most common in U.S.
Cercival carcinoma- most common worldwide
Heart murmur, congenital
Mitral valve prolapse
Heart valve in bacterial endocarditis
Mitral>aortic (rheumatic fever); tricuspid in IV drug users
Helminth infection in U.S.
Enterobius vermicularis, Ascaris lumbricoides
Hematoma- epidural
Rupture of middle meningeal artery (trauma; lentiform shaped)
Hematoma- subdural
Rupture of bridging veins (crescent shaped)
Hemochromatosis
Multiple blood transfusions or hereditary HFE mutation– can result in CHF, bronze diabetes”, and increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma”
Hepatocellular carcinoma
Cirrhotic liver- associated with hepatitis B and C and with alcoholism
Hereditary bleeding disorder
von Willebrand disease
Hereditary harmless jaundice
Gilbert’s syndrome- benign congenital unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia
Exacerbated by stress
HLA-B27
Ankylosing spondylitis, Reiter’s syndrome, Ulcerative colitis, psoriasis
HLA-DR3 or DR4
T1DM, RA, SLE
Holosystolic murmur
VSD, tricuspid regurgitation, mitral regurgitation
Hypercoagulability, endothelial damage, blood stasis
Virchow’s triad- results in venous thrombosis
Hypertension, secondary
Renal disease
Hypoparathyroidism
Accidental excision during thyroidectomy
Hypopituitarism
Pituitary adenoma (usually benign)
Infection secondary to blood transfusion
Hepatitis C
Infections in Chronic Granulomatous Disease
S. aureus, E. coli, Aspergillus (catalase positive)
Kidney stones
Calcium = Radiopaque
Struvite (ammonium) = Radiopaque (formed by urease-positive organisms such as Proteus vulgaris or Staphylococcus)
Uric acid = Radiolucent
Late cyanotic shunt (uncorrected L–>R becomes R–>L)
Eisenmenger’s syndrome (caused by ASD, VSD, PDA; results in pulmonary hypertension/polycythemia)
Liver disease
Alcoholic Cirrhosis
Lysosomal storage disease
Gaucher’s disease
Male cancer
Prostatic carcinoma
Malignancy associated with noninfectious fever
Hodgkin’s lymphoma
Malignancy (kids)
ALL, medulloblastoma (cerebellum)
Mental retardation
Down syndrome, fragile X syndrome
Mets to bone
Prostate, breast>lung> thyroid,testes
Mets to brain
Lung> breast> genitourinary>osteosarcoma>melanoma>GI
Mets to liver
Colon»stomach, pancreas
Mitochondrial inheritance
Disease occurs in both males and females, inherited through females only
Mitral valve stenosis
Rheumatic heart disease
Mixed (UMN and LMN) motor neuron disease
ALS
Myocarditis
Coxsackie B
Nephrotic Syndrome (Adults)
FSGS
Nephrotic syndrome (kids)
Minimal change disease
Neuron migration failure
Kallmann syndrome– hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and anosmia
Nosocomial pneumonia
Klebsiella, E. coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Obstruction of male urinary tract
BPH
Opening snap
Mitral stenosis
Oppurtunistic infection in AIDS
Pneumocystis jirovecii penumonia
Osteomyelitis
S. aureus
Osteomyelitis in sickle cell disease
Salmonella
Osteomyelitis with IV drug use
Pseudomonas, S. aureus
Ovarian Mets from gastric carcinoma or breast cancer
Krukenberg tumor– mucin secreting signet-ring cells
Ovarian tumor (benign, bilateral)
Serous cystadenoma
Ovarian tumor (malignant)
Serous cystadenocarcinoma
Pancreatitis (acute)
Gallstones, alcohol
Pancreatitis (chronic)
Alcohol (adults), cystic fibrosis (kids)
Patient with ALL/CLL/AML/CML
ALL- kids
CLL- adult>60
AML- adult ~65
CML- adult 30-60
Pelvic Inflammatory disease
Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Philadelphia chromosome t(9;22) (bcr-abl)
CML– can sometimes be associated with ALL/AML
Pituitary tumor
Prolactinoma, somatotropic acidophile” adenoma”
Primary amenorrhea
Turner syndrome (45XO)
Primary bone tumor (adults)
Multiple myeloma
Primary hyperaldosteronism
Adenoma of adrenal cortex
Primary hyperparathryoidism
Adenomas, hyperplasia, carcinoma
Primary liver cancer
Hepatocellular carcinoma (chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, hemochromatosis, A-1-A deficiency)
Pulmonary hypertension
COPD
Recurrent inflammation/thrombosis of small/medium vessels in extremities
Buerger’s disease (strongly associated with tobacco)
Renal tumor
Renal cell carcinoma: associated with VHL and cigarette smoking; paraneoplastic syndrome (EPO, renin, PTH, ACTH)
Right heart failure due to pulmonary cause
Cor pulmonale
S3 (protodiastolic gallop)
Increased ventricular filling- left to right shunt, mitral regurgitation, LV failure (CHF)
S4 (presystolic gallop)
Stiff/hypertrophic ventricle– aortic stenosis, restrictive cardiomyopathy
Secondary hyperparathyroidism
Hypocalcemia of chronic kidney disease
STD
Chlamydia– usually coinfected with gonorrhea
SIADH
Small cell carcinoma of the lung (oat cell)
Site of diverticula
Sigmoid colon
Sites of atherosclerosis
Abdominal aorta > coronary artery > popliteal artery > carotid artery
Stomach carcinoma
Adenocarcinoma
Stomach ulcerations and high gastrin levels
Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (gastrinoma of duodenum or pancreas)
t(14;18)
Follicular lymphomas (bcl-2 activation)
t (8;14)
Burkitt’s lymphoma (c-myc activation)
t(9;22)
Philadelphia chromosome, CML (bcr-abl fusion gene)
Temporal arteritis
Risk of ipsilateral blindness due to thrombosis of ophthalmic artery; polymalgia rheumatica
Testicular tumor
Seminoma
Thyroid cancer
Papillary carcinoma
Tumor in women
Leiomyoma- estrogen dependent, not precancerous
Tumor in infancy
Hemangioma- usually regresses spontaneously by childhood
Tumor in men
Lipoma is most common (according to Goljan)
Tumor of the adrenal medulla (adults)
Pheochromocytoma (usually benign)
Tumor of the adrenal medulla (children)
Neuroblastoma (malignant)
Type of Hodgkin’s
Nodular Sclerosis
Mixed cellularity
Lymphocytic predominance
Lymphocytic depletion
UTI
E. coli, Staph saprophyticus (young women)
Viral encephalitis affecting the temporal lobe
HSV-1
Vitamin deficiency (U.S)
Folate– pregnant women are at high risk; body stores only 3 to 4 month supply; prevents neural tube defects
Infant w/ dilated ventricles & stenosis of channel from 3rd → 4th ventricle
Cerebral Aqueduct Stenosis (congenital)
- presents w/ enlarging head circumference
Congenital failure to develop Cerebellar Vermis
Dandy-Walker Malformation
presents w/ massively dilated 4th ventricle & absence of cerebellum; often accompanied by hydrocephalus
Lower Motor Neuron signs following infection
Poliomyelitis
Poliovirus (fecal-oral transmission) infects anterior horn
“Floppy Baby”
Werndig Hoffman disease
- inherited (AR) degeneration of anterior motor horn
- death w/in a few years of birth
Zinc-copper Superoxide Dismutase mutation
Familial Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
