Key Associations Flashcards
1
Q
Actinic (solar) keratosis
A
Precursor to squamous cell carcinoma
2
Q
Acute gastric ulcer associated with CNS injury
A
Cushing’s ulcer- Increased ICP stimulates vagal gastric secretion
3
Q
Acute gastric ulcer associated with severe burns
A
Curling’s ulcer- greatly reduced plasma volume results in sloughing of gastric mucosa
4
Q
Alternating areas of transmural inflammation and normal colon
A
Skip lesions- Crohn’s disease
5
Q
Aneurysm, dissecting
A
Hypertension
6
Q
Aortic aneurysm, dissecting
A
Hypertension
7
Q
Aortic aneurysm, abdominal and descending aorta
A
Atherosclerosis
8
Q
Aortic aneurysm, arch
A
Tertiary syphilis (syphilitic aortitis), vasa vasorum destruction
9
Q
Aortic aneurysm, ascending
A
Marfan’s syndrome- idiopathic cystic medial degeneration
10
Q
Atrophy of the mammillary bodies
A
Wernicke’s encephalopathy- thiamine deficiency causing ataxia, ophthalmoplegia, and confusion
11
Q
Autosplenectomy (fibrosis and shrinkage)
A
Sickle cell anemia (hemoglobin S)
12
Q
Bacteria associated gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, and stomach cancer
A
H. pylori
13
Q
Bacterial meningitis (adults and elderly)
A
Streptococcus pneumoniae
14
Q
Benign melanocytic nevus
A
Spitz nevus– most common in first two decades
15
Q
Bleeding disorder with GpIb deficiency
A
Bernard-Soulier syndrome- defect in platelet adhesion to von Willebrand’s factor
16
Q
Brain tumor (adults)
A
Supratentorial: mets>astrocytoma (including glioblastoma multiforme)>meningioma>schwannoma
17
Q
Brain tumor (kids)
A
Infratentorial: medulloblastoma (cerebellum)
Supratentorial: craniopharyngioma (cerebrum)
18
Q
Breast Cancer
A
Infiltrating ductal carcinoma– in the U.S. 1/9 women will develop breast cancer
19
Q
Breast Mass
A
Fibrocystic change, carcinoma (in postmenopausal women)
20
Q
Breast tumor (benign)
A
Fibroadenoma
21
Q
Cardiac primary tumor in kids
A
Rhabdomyoma– often seen in tuberous sclerosis
22
Q
Cardiac manifestation in lupus
A
Libman-Sacks endocarditis– non-bacterial, affecting both sides of mitral valve
23
Q
Cardiac tumor (adults)
A
Mets, primary myxoma (4:1 left to right atrium; ball and valve”)”
24
Q
Cerebellar tonsillar herniation
A
Chiari malformation–often present with progressive hydrocephalus
(may be ass’d w/ meningomyelocele & syringomyelia)
25
Chronic arrhythmia
Atrial fibrillation- associated with a high risk for emboli
26
Chronic atrophic gastritis (autoimmune)
Predisposition to gastric carcinoma-- can also cause pernicious anemia
27
Clear cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina
DES exposure in utero
28
Compression fracture
Osteoperosis-- type I found in postmenopausal woman; type II found in an elderly man or woman
29
CAH, hypotension
21-hydroxylase deficiency
30
Congenital cardiac anomaly
VSD
31
Congenital conjugated hyperbilirubinemia (black liver)
Dubin-Johnson syndrome-- inability of hepatocytes to secrete conjugated bilirubin into bile
32
Constrictive pericarditis
Tuberculosis (developing world); SLE (developed world)
33
Coronary artery involved in thrombosis
LAD>RCA>LCA
34
Cretinism
Iodine deficient/hypothyroidism
35
Cushing's Syndrome
- Iatrogenic Cushing's from corticosteroid therapy
- Adrenocortical adenoma- secretes excess cortisol
- ACTH secreting pituitary adenoma
- Paraneoplastic Cushing's due to ACTH secretion by tumors
36
Cyanosis (early, less common)
Tetralogy of Fallot, transposition of great vessels, truncus arteriosus
37
Cyanosis (late; more common)
VSD, ASD, PDA
38
Death in CML
Blast crisis
39
Death in SLE
Lupus nephropathy
40
Dementia
Alzheimer's disease, multiple infarcts
41
Demyelinating disease in young women
MS
42
DIC
Severe sepsis, obstetric complications, cancer, burns trauma, major surgery
43
Dietary deficit
Iron
44
Diverticulum in pharynx
Zenker's diverticulum- diagnosed with barium swallow
45
Ejection click
Aortic/pulmonic stenosis
46
Esophageal cancer
Squamous cell carcinoma (worldwide); adenocarcinoma (U.S.)
47
Food toxin (exotoxin mediated)
S. aureus, B. cereus
48
Glomerulonephritis (adults)
Berger's disease- IgA nephropathy
Don't confuse with Buerger's disease
49
Gynecologic malignancy
Endometrial carcinoma- most common in U.S.
Cercival carcinoma- most common worldwide
50
Heart murmur, congenital
Mitral valve prolapse
51
Heart valve in bacterial endocarditis
Mitral>aortic (rheumatic fever); tricuspid in IV drug users
52
Helminth infection in U.S.
Enterobius vermicularis, Ascaris lumbricoides
53
Hematoma- epidural
Rupture of middle meningeal artery (trauma; lentiform shaped)
54
Hematoma- subdural
Rupture of bridging veins (crescent shaped)
55
Hemochromatosis
Multiple blood transfusions or hereditary HFE mutation-- can result in CHF, bronze diabetes", and increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma"
56
Hepatocellular carcinoma
Cirrhotic liver- associated with hepatitis B and C and with alcoholism
57
Hereditary bleeding disorder
von Willebrand disease
58
Hereditary harmless jaundice
Gilbert's syndrome- benign congenital unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia
Exacerbated by stress
59
HLA-B27
Ankylosing spondylitis, Reiter's syndrome, Ulcerative colitis, psoriasis
60
HLA-DR3 or DR4
T1DM, RA, SLE
61
Holosystolic murmur
VSD, tricuspid regurgitation, mitral regurgitation
62
Hypercoagulability, endothelial damage, blood stasis
Virchow's triad- results in venous thrombosis
63
Hypertension, secondary
Renal disease
64
Hypoparathyroidism
Accidental excision during thyroidectomy
65
Hypopituitarism
Pituitary adenoma (usually benign)
66
Infection secondary to blood transfusion
Hepatitis C
67
Infections in Chronic Granulomatous Disease
S. aureus, E. coli, Aspergillus (catalase positive)
68
Kidney stones
Calcium = Radiopaque
Struvite (ammonium) = Radiopaque (formed by urease-positive organisms such as Proteus vulgaris or Staphylococcus)
Uric acid = Radiolucent
69
Late cyanotic shunt (uncorrected L-->R becomes R-->L)
Eisenmenger's syndrome (caused by ASD, VSD, PDA; results in pulmonary hypertension/polycythemia)
70
Liver disease
Alcoholic Cirrhosis
71
Lysosomal storage disease
Gaucher's disease
72
Male cancer
Prostatic carcinoma
73
Malignancy associated with noninfectious fever
Hodgkin's lymphoma
74
Malignancy (kids)
ALL, medulloblastoma (cerebellum)
75
Mental retardation
Down syndrome, fragile X syndrome
76
Mets to bone
Prostate, breast>lung> thyroid,testes
77
Mets to brain
Lung> breast> genitourinary>osteosarcoma>melanoma>GI
78
Mets to liver
Colon>>stomach, pancreas
79
Mitochondrial inheritance
Disease occurs in both males and females, inherited through females only
80
Mitral valve stenosis
Rheumatic heart disease
81
Mixed (UMN and LMN) motor neuron disease
ALS
82
Myocarditis
Coxsackie B
83
Nephrotic Syndrome (Adults)
FSGS
84
Nephrotic syndrome (kids)
Minimal change disease
85
Neuron migration failure
Kallmann syndrome-- hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and anosmia
86
Nosocomial pneumonia
Klebsiella, E. coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa
87
Obstruction of male urinary tract
BPH
88
Opening snap
Mitral stenosis
89
Oppurtunistic infection in AIDS
Pneumocystis jirovecii penumonia
90
Osteomyelitis
S. aureus
91
Osteomyelitis in sickle cell disease
Salmonella
92
Osteomyelitis with IV drug use
Pseudomonas, S. aureus
93
Ovarian Mets from gastric carcinoma or breast cancer
Krukenberg tumor-- mucin secreting signet-ring cells
94
Ovarian tumor (benign, bilateral)
Serous cystadenoma
95
Ovarian tumor (malignant)
Serous cystadenocarcinoma
96
Pancreatitis (acute)
Gallstones, alcohol
97
Pancreatitis (chronic)
Alcohol (adults), cystic fibrosis (kids)
98
Patient with ALL/CLL/AML/CML
ALL- kids
CLL- adult>60
AML- adult ~65
CML- adult 30-60
99
Pelvic Inflammatory disease
Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae
100
Philadelphia chromosome t(9;22) (bcr-abl)
CML-- can sometimes be associated with ALL/AML
101
Pituitary tumor
Prolactinoma, somatotropic acidophile" adenoma"
102
Primary amenorrhea
Turner syndrome (45XO)
103
Primary bone tumor (adults)
Multiple myeloma
104
Primary hyperaldosteronism
Adenoma of adrenal cortex
105
Primary hyperparathryoidism
Adenomas, hyperplasia, carcinoma
106
Primary liver cancer
Hepatocellular carcinoma (chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, hemochromatosis, A-1-A deficiency)
107
Pulmonary hypertension
COPD
108
Recurrent inflammation/thrombosis of small/medium vessels in extremities
Buerger's disease (strongly associated with tobacco)
109
Renal tumor
Renal cell carcinoma: associated with VHL and cigarette smoking; paraneoplastic syndrome (EPO, renin, PTH, ACTH)
110
Right heart failure due to pulmonary cause
Cor pulmonale
111
S3 (protodiastolic gallop)
Increased ventricular filling- left to right shunt, mitral regurgitation, LV failure (CHF)
112
S4 (presystolic gallop)
Stiff/hypertrophic ventricle-- aortic stenosis, restrictive cardiomyopathy
113
Secondary hyperparathyroidism
Hypocalcemia of chronic kidney disease
114
STD
Chlamydia-- usually coinfected with gonorrhea
115
SIADH
Small cell carcinoma of the lung (oat cell)
116
Site of diverticula
Sigmoid colon
117
Sites of atherosclerosis
Abdominal aorta > coronary artery > popliteal artery > carotid artery
118
Stomach carcinoma
Adenocarcinoma
119
Stomach ulcerations and high gastrin levels
Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (gastrinoma of duodenum or pancreas)
120
t(14;18)
Follicular lymphomas (bcl-2 activation)
121
t (8;14)
Burkitt's lymphoma (c-myc activation)
122
t(9;22)
Philadelphia chromosome, CML (bcr-abl fusion gene)
123
Temporal arteritis
Risk of ipsilateral blindness due to thrombosis of ophthalmic artery; polymalgia rheumatica
124
Testicular tumor
Seminoma
125
Thyroid cancer
Papillary carcinoma
126
Tumor in women
Leiomyoma- estrogen dependent, not precancerous
127
Tumor in infancy
Hemangioma- usually regresses spontaneously by childhood
128
Tumor in men
Lipoma is most common (according to Goljan)
129
Tumor of the adrenal medulla (adults)
Pheochromocytoma (usually benign)
130
Tumor of the adrenal medulla (children)
Neuroblastoma (malignant)
131
Type of Hodgkin's
Nodular Sclerosis
Mixed cellularity
Lymphocytic predominance
Lymphocytic depletion
132
UTI
E. coli, Staph saprophyticus (young women)
133
Viral encephalitis affecting the temporal lobe
HSV-1
134
Vitamin deficiency (U.S)
Folate-- pregnant women are at high risk; body stores only 3 to 4 month supply; prevents neural tube defects
135
Infant w/ dilated ventricles & stenosis of channel from 3rd → 4th ventricle
Cerebral Aqueduct Stenosis (congenital)
- presents w/ enlarging head circumference
136
Congenital failure to develop Cerebellar Vermis
Dandy-Walker Malformation
| presents w/ massively dilated 4th ventricle & absence of cerebellum; often accompanied by hydrocephalus
137
Lower Motor Neuron signs following infection
Poliomyelitis
Poliovirus (fecal-oral transmission) infects anterior horn
138
"Floppy Baby"
Werndig Hoffman disease
- inherited (AR) degeneration of anterior motor horn
- death w/in a few years of birth
139
Zinc-copper Superoxide Dismutase mutation
Familial Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
