PATHOLOGY Flashcards
What is pathology?
1) The medical discipline that studies the manifestations of disease
2) Structural and functional manifestations of a disease
3)
What is the acronym used to determine Etiology of a disease?
Vindicate Inflammatory Neoplastic Drug/toxin Infectious Congentical/genetic Autoimmune Truamatic/physical Endocrine/metabolic/nutritional
List the subcellular changes in reversibly injured cells:
1) Plasma membrane bleb
2) cellular swelling due to influx of water
3) aggregated cytoskeletal elements
4) Dissagregated ribosomes
5) Dilated ER
Define hypertrophy
Increased cell size
CMV, myocyte in hypertension (must get bigger to generate more force)
Define hyperplasia
non-neoplastic increased in number of cells
Define metaplasia
conversion of one differentiated cell type to another
CAN lead to malignant neoplasia
Define hyperplasia
non-neoplastic increased in number of cells
ex. transformation of breast during late pregnancy- to generate more milk for new born
Define metaplasia:
conversion of one differentiated cell type to another, bu does not mean cancer
CAN lead to malignant neoplasia
Define neoplasia:
autonomous growth of cells that have escaped normal regulation
localized (benign)
metastasized (cancer)
ex: uterus
normal: myometrium
=>benign tumor: leiomyoma
=> malignant: leimyosarcome
What is hydropic degeneration?
When liver is damaged by toxins, cells will swell due to inability to maintain electrolytic balance
Define atrophy
Reduced size of cells or organs
List the 7 causes of atrophy to tissues:
1) reduced functional demand (skeletal muscle atrophy causes by denervation)
2) inadequate oxygen supply
(kidney atrophy cause by…)
3) insufficient nutrients
4) interrupted trophic signals
5) persistent cell injury
6) chronic disease
What physical charcteristics distinguish malignant neoplasms?
less well differentiated cells, increased mytotic rate, pleomorphic, hyperchromatic (stains very dark blue)
What are the the two major types of cell death?
Define them.
Apoptosis: caused by activation of internal molecular pathways (eg. renewal of epithelial layers)
Necrosis: caused by pathogenic lethal injury that originate outside of cell
Is apoptosis physiologic or pathologic?
Both!
physiologic- epithelial sloughing
Pathologic: hepatitis induced hepatocyte loss
What is indicative of cell death?
nuclear changes-
1) pycnosis: nucleus becomes smaller, stains deeply basophilic because of CHROMATIN CLUMPING
2) Karyorrhexis: nucleus breaks up into smaller fragments
3) Karyolysis: Nucleus may be forced out of cell or loss of chromatin due to disappearance of nucleus
In_________, nuclei disappear and cytoplasm becomes more homogenous (and more acidophilic). This results in ghost cells with no nucleus.
Coagulative necrosis
Liquefactive Necrosis
Inflammatory responses to pathogens also degraded the healthy tissue
What is fat necrosis?
Affect fat tissue specifically, resulting from damage to pancreas => pancreas leeches lipase enzymes
- Lipases free up fatty acids
- Fatty acids bind to calcium to form calcium soap (soponification)
Describe the difference between acute and chronic inflammation:
Acute inflammation has polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN)
Chronic inflammation has mononuclear leukocytes (different types of white blood cells)
What are four cardinal signs of acute inflammatory response?
Robor (redness) Tumor (swelling) Calor (heat) Dolor (pain) Functio Laesa (loss of function)
What type of inflammation is characterized by polymorphonuclear neutrophils?
Acute inflammation
you will see segmented nuclei
What type of inflammation is characterized by mononuclear leukocytes?
Chronic inflammation
Name four kinds of Leukocytes:
lymphocytes, monocytes, macrophages and plasma cells
What are the 3 characteristics of acute inflammatory tissue?
1) Increased blood flow
2) Increased permeability (TRANSUDATION) of vessels that cause leakage into the interstitial tissue (edema!) and exudation of plasma proteins
3) Accumulation of neutrophils in cell
What are the three characteristics of chronic inflammatory tissue?
1) Influx of mononuclear leukocytes
2) Increased extracellular matrix (collagen)
Know the 8 stages of Tissue Response to Injury:
1) Coagulation stops hemorrhage (humoral and cellular activation
2) Neutrophils follow chemotactic gradients to injury site
3) Monocytes enter sites of acute inflammation and release factors similar to neutrophils
3) Monocytes transform into macrophages that are phagocytic an release cytokines
4) Lymphocytes and macrophage produce growth factors …..firboblasts and endothelial cells mediate repair
5) New capillaries grow in healing tissue providing oxygen and nutrients - THIS STAGE IS CALLED GRANULATION (when growing in fibrous tissue).
6) Excess collagen (scar) may remain at the site
What are ischemic diseases and what causes them?
Ischemic diseases are those resulting from decreased blood flow
It is cause by thrombosis that obstructs adequate blood flow
What is thrombosis?
the formation of a blood clots in a blood vessel
When does thrombosis occur?
When endothelial function is altered or blood flow is reduced.
What is a thromboembolic disease and what is it caused by?
The disease is when a blood clot breaks loose into the blood stream.
It is caused by EMBOLISM- the lodging of a material in a blood vessel
What is the partial thromboplastin time test and what does it used for?
It is a blood test that measures the time it takes for blood to clot
1) It can find cause of abnormal bleeding
2) check for low clotting ability (hemophelia)
3) Check for excessive clotting (thrombophilia)
4) Check if surgery is safe if it might cause bleeding
5) Check liver function
What are the 2 types of abnormal morphogenesis?
Genetic and Teratogenic
What is one example of genetic abnormal morphogenesis?
Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease
-caused by mutations in genes involving cilia function, cell cycle regulation and calcium transport into epi. cells
Abnormal morphogenesis:
What is Agenesis?
Agenesis is the complete absence of an organ or organ component.
Abnormal morphogenesis:
What is Aplasia?
Persistence of an underdeveloped organ anlage without the mature organ
Abnormal morphogenesis:
What is Agenesis?
Agenesis is the complete absence of an organ or organ component. (eg. renal agenesis)
Abnormal morphogenesis:
What is Aplasia?
Persistence of an underdeveloped organ anlage without the mature organ (eg. renal aplasia)
Abornmal morphogenesis:
What is Hypoplasia
Hypoplasia is reduced since caused by incomplete development ( eg. microcephaly)
Abnormal morphogenesis:
What is Atresia?
Atresia is the incomplete formation of the lumen (eg. esphogeal atresia)
Abnormal morphogenesis:
What is Dysplasia?
Dysplasia is abnormal tissue differentiation during development (renal dysplasia)
Abnormal morphogenesis:
What is Ectopia?
Ectopia is a normally formed organ that is outside its normal location (eg. ectopic kidney)
Give one example of a teratogenic morphogenesis:
Teratogen: something that causes malformation in an embryo
Zika induced microcephaly
