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Phoebe's Cardio > Pathology > Flashcards

Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

Cardiomyopathy

A

Disease of cardiac muscle

Often result in changes in size of heart chambers and thickness

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2
Q

3 Types of Cardiomyopathy

A

Dilated
Hypertrophic
Restrictive

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3
Q

Dilated Cardiomyopathy

A

Heart 2-3 times bigger

Flabby and floppy

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4
Q

Aetiology of dilated cardiomyopathy

A 
Genetics
Alcohol 
Chemo
Cardiac infection
Pregnancy (rare)
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5
Q

Clinical features of dilated cardiomyopathy

A

Heart failure
SOB
Poor exercise tolerance
Low ejection fraction/cardiac output

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6
Q

Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

A

Big solid hearts
Hypertrophic and strong contraction
Diastolic dysfunction - heart can’t relax
Myocardial becomes abnormally thickened
Heart cannot pump as effectively - outflow obstruction

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7
Q

Sudden death in athletes

A

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

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8
Q

Causes of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

A

Genetic (inherited)

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9
Q

Restrictive cardiomyopathy

A

Walls of ventricle become stiff, but not necessarily thickened
Heart can look normal
Diastolic dysfunction
Bi-atrial dilatation as a result of back pressure

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10
Q

Causes of restrictive cardiomyopathy

A

May require biopsy
eg. deposit of amyloid, sarcoid
Or
Fibrosis following radiation

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11
Q

Amyloid

A

Abnormal deposition of an abnormal protein

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12
Q

AA

A

chronic diseases like rheumatoid arthritis

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13
Q

AL

A

Light chains

Abnormal immunoglobulin

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14
Q

Amyloid histology

A

Waxy pink material
Stains +ve for congo red
Apple green birefringence

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15
Q

Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Dysplasia

A 
Genetic 
Syncope 
Arrhythmia
Right ventricle largely replaced by fat
Big and floppy
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16
Q

Myocarditis

A

Inflammation of the heart
Infectious vs non-infectious
Most commonly infectious

17
Q

Infectious myocarditis

A 
Viral 
Coxsackie A and B 
ECHO virus
Chaga's disease 
Borrelia burgdorferi - lyme's disease
HIV
18
Q

Infectious myocarditis histology

A

Thickened ‘beefy’ myocarditis

19
Q

Non-infectious myocarditis

A

Immune mediated hypersensitivity
Hypersensitivity to infection (Rheumatic fever after strep sore throat)
Hypersensitivity to drugs (eosinophilic myocarditis)
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

20
Q

Rheumatic Fever

A

Mitral stenosis (thickening and fusion of valves)
Short, thick chordae tendinae
Myocardium patchy and inflammed

21
Q

Rheumatic fever histology

A

Aschoff Bodies

22
Q

Pericarditis

A

Inflammation of pericardium layers

23
Q

Causes of pericarditis

A 
Infection
Immune mediated (rheumatic fever)
Idiopathic
Uraemic (Renal failure)
Post MI (Dressler's syndrome)
Connective tissue disease
24
Q

Infectious Pericarditis

A

Viruses = produce serous effusions
Bacterial = extension from elsewhere, pneumonia produce effusions
Fungi = immunosuppressed patients. Post transplant = effusions
TB

25
Q

Complications of pericarditis

A 
Pericardial effusion
Tamponade
Constrictive pericarditis
Cardiac failure 
Death
26
Q

Endocarditis

A

Affects heart lining, inflammation of valves

27
Q

Infectious Endocarditis

A

IV drug users
Septicaemia
Rheumatic heart disease
Prosthetic valves, congenital defects, MV prolapse, calcific disease

28
Q

HACEK

A

Haemophilus, Actinobacillus, Cardiobacteria, Eikenella, Kingella

29
Q

IV Drug Users

A

Right sided
Candida
Staph Aureus

30
Q

Prosthetic Valves

A

S. Epidermis

31
Q

Pathology of endocarditis

A

Aggregates of organisms on heart valves called vegetations
Bacteria excite acute inflammation and bacterial and inflammatory cell products digest valve leaflets
Vegetations are friable and can cause emboli

32
Q

Non Bacterial Thrombotic Endocarditis

A

Non-invasive and don’t destroy valves
Small and multiple vegetations
Associated with cancer

33
Q

Lupus

A

Libman Sacks Endocarditis
Small sterile emboli
Undersurfaces of valves or on chords

34
Q

Carcinoid Heart Disease

A

Carcinoid tumours - neoplasms of endocrine cells
Excess 5HIAA, seratonin, histamine, bradykinin
Flushing of skin
Nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea
Right sided valvular disease

35
Q

Atrial myxoma

A

Commonest tumour of heart

90% atria, usually left

Phoebe's Cardio (22 decks)

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