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FOM week 7 > pathology 4 > Flashcards

pathology 4 Flashcards

1
Q

describe the roles of G1, S, G2 AND M phase

A

G1 - growth phase
S- DNA synthesis & replication
G2- growth phase also prep for mitosis
M- mitosis occurs

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2
Q

what external factors are involved in the cell cycle control?

A

hormones
growth factors
stroma
cytokines

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3
Q

what helps control the cell cycle? give example

A

checkpoints , such as the restriction point (R) just before G1 phase

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4
Q

what are the 3 phases of interphase in the cell cycle?

A

G1
S
G2(G0)

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5
Q

if nutrient supply is inadequate what checkpoint does the cell cycle stop at?

A

stops at G1

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6
Q

if cell size is inadequate what checkpoint does the cell cycle stop at?

A

G1 or G2

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7
Q

what makes up the cell cycle checkpoints?

A

enzymes
specifically a catalytic sub-unit activated by a regulatory sub-unit

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8
Q

What are the catalytic sub-units in cell cycle checkpoints?

A

cyclin dependent kinase (CDKs)

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9
Q

what are the regulatory sub-units in the cell cycle checkpoints?

A

cyclins

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10
Q

what is the active cell cycle complex called when referring to checkpoints/name of checkpoint when cyclin binds to CDK?

A

CDK/cyclin complex

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11
Q

what two things regulate Cyclin dependent kinase activity ?

A

CDK inhibitors
production/destrcution of cyclins

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12
Q

what does retinoblastoma gene code for?

A

codes for protein called pRb

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13
Q

what does the protein pRb do?

A

inactivates E2F transcription factor which puts a brake in the cell cycle

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14
Q

what are carcinogens?

A

nongenetic factors that can lead to cancer

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14
Q

know the 3 types of environmental carcinogens

A

-chemicals
-radiation
-oncogenic viruses (hep 4,herpes)

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15
Q

what do you call a section of DNA attached to a chemical carcinogen?

A

DNA adduct

16
Q

radiation carcinogens damages which part of the DNA?

A

targets purines & pyrimindine bases

17
Q

how does mutated retinoblastoma gene cause cancer?

A

overactive E2F transcription factor

18
Q

Dysregulation at which checkpoint causes most Cancers?

A

G1- S checkpoints

19
Q

what is the role of p53

A

maintain genomic integrity

20
Q

how does p53 work

A

p53 builds up in damaged cells
-cell cycle will arrest at G1 to help with DNA repair
-severe cases p53 induces apoptosis

21
Q

what happens if p53 is mutated?

A

there is no G1 arrest or DNA repair
causes neoplasm to occur as damaged cells proliferate to form those

22
Q

how many autosomal and sex determining chromosomes is in the human genome?

A

22 autosomal pairs

1 sex determing pair

23
Q

what are the 3 stages of the cell cycle?

A

interphase, mitosis, cytokinesis

24
Q

what are the 2 key regulatory molecules that determine progression through the cell cycle?

A

cyclin-dependant kinases (CDKs)
cyclin

25
Q

what are the 2 families of CDK inhibitors?

A

INK4a(p14 and p16)

CIP/KIP(p21,p21 and p57)

26
Q

what is the role of p14 in the cell cycle?

A

prevents p54 degradation

27
Q

role of p16/INK4a?

A

binds to CDK4 which arrests the cell cycle at G1

28
Q

what is p21 activated by?

A

p53

29
Q

what state is pRb when active?

A

hypophosphorylated

30
Q

what are the 3 genes that p53 can activate?

A

p21 (CDK inhibitor, G1 arrest)

GADD45(DNA REPAIR)

BAXX (apoptosis)

31
Q

what do genotoxins cause?

A

irreversible genetic damage by binding to DNA

32
Q

what are tumour suppressor genes?

A

genes that protect a cell from forming cancers

33
Q

what causes chemical carcinogens to occur?

A

oxidation of purines and pyrimidines in DNA

34
Q

what causes radiation carcinogenesis to occur?

A

UVB light causes thymine pairs to bond together into thymine dimers

FOM week 7 (7 decks)

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