pathology 3 Flashcards
what are the effects of benign tumours?
obstruction and pressure
how do malignant tumours cause pain?
list 2 ways
perineural invasion (growing along nerve fibre)
bone pain (from fractures )
What is abnormal hormone production by a tumour?
hormone production from a tumour in a organ that doesnt normally produce that hormone
What is normal hormone production by a tumour?
tumor produces a hormone in its normal endocrine gland
give an example of an abnormal hormone production by tumours
lung cancers tumours produce ACTH and ADH
what is dysplasia
earliest change in enlargement of cells
state 3 features of dysplasia
-graded(high/low)
-disorganised
-no e invasion
what are the grades of dysplasia ?
low grade cells are not too different from their original cells)
high grade
what changes in size in dysplasia cells once undergoing disorganisation
increased nuclear size
how is cancer detected in the pre-invasive stage?
by identifying dysplasia
What is the aim of cervical cancer screening?
Aims to reduce incidence of squamous carcinoma of the cervix.
What does cervical cancer screening detect?
Dysplastic cells in the squamous epithelial tissue of the cervix
what does the term ‘ metastastic niche’ mean?
sites form a good environment for metastastes to form
be familiar with common sites for metastasis and why
brain,liver,bone,lung,adrenal gland, peritoneum
(due to recieving HIGH cardiac output)
is the spleen,kindey ,skeletal muscle and HEART UNCOMMON metastses locations?
yes
