cancer pathology

Question 1

What are the 3 types of cancer cells

Answer 1

epithelial cells (squamous)

mesoderm

glandular

Question 2

what is gene silencing

Answer 2

interruption of gene expression at translational or transcritpional level

Question 3

what feature of cancer cells allow them to have unlimited replicative potential?

Answer 3

they maintain telomere length

Question 4

what system do cancer cells get energy from?

Answer 4

AEROBIC glycolysis

Question 5

what is the difference between somatic mutation and germline mutation?

Answer 5

somatic mutation= acquired

germline =heriditary

(think germ cells)

Question 6

what protein is the basement membrane made of? and what muscle

Answer 6

made up of extracellular matrix proteins

(smooth muscle cells )

Question 7

what cell is involved in cell-cell adhesion ?

Answer 7

e-cadherin

Question 8

what type of cancer would usually be indicated by mutation or deregulation of e-cadherin?

Answer 8

epithelial cancer

Question 9

what are the 2 different mechanisms of metastasis?

Answer 9

polyclonal

monoclonal

Question 10

name 2 different patterns of metastasis?

Answer 10

branched

linear

Question 11

what is epithelial mesenchymal transition?(EMT)

Answer 11

epithelial cells loose their cell-cell adhesion and gain invasive/migratory properties

Question 12

what is angiogenic switch?

Answer 12

when the pro-angiogenic out way the anti-angiogenic causing angiogenesis

Question 13

what is angiogenic switch controlled by?

Answer 13

hypoxia

Question 14

what is the aim of chemotherapy ?

Answer 14

to induce apoptosis

Question 15

be familiar with the 3 main types of chemotherapy

Answer 15

antimetabolites

alkylating agents and platinum
drugs

organic drugs

Question 16

be familiar with the 3 main personalised systemic cancer therapies

Answer 16

hormonal therapies

targeted therapies

immunotherapy

Question 17

give an example of an hormonal therapy used in cancer

Answer 17

anti-oestrogen

Question 18

give example of targeted therapy used in cancer

Answer 18

tyrosine kinase inhibitors

Question 19

give an example of immunotherapy used in cancer

Answer 19

pem..

Question 20

what can be given to block progression of cells through cell cycle?

Answer 20

CDK inhibitors

Question 21

what do immune checkpoints ensure?

Answer 21

self tolerance is maintained

Question 22

2 vaccines used in cancer prevention

Answer 22

HEP B and HPV

Question 23

give an example of local therapeutic cancer treatment

Answer 23

radiotherapy (use anatomical coverage)

surgery

Question 24

what % of cancer is cured by radiotherapy vs chemo?

Answer 24

40% radiotherapy

5% chemotherapy

Question 25

why is radiotherapy sometimes used with chemo

Answer 25

to increase chemotherapy

Question 26

what is neoadjuvant therapy?

Answer 26

therapeutic cancer trratment given prior to surgery

Question 27

what percentage of patients have palliative chemotherapy?

Answer 27

50%