acute inflammation 2 Flashcards
what is the suffix for inflammation?
‘itis’
what is inflammation of the lungs and pleura called?
lungs- pneumonia
pleura- pleurisy
what is the role of a neutrophil?
mobile phagocytes
what is chemotaxis
when neutrophils move towards foreign antigen
what helps neutrophils digest foreign organisms/particles?
granules help as they contain digestive enzymes
what happens to neutrophils after digesting foreign organism
( nuetrophil consequence action)
neutrophil dies and produces pus
(the pus may extend to other tissue worsening the condition)
name the 2 plasma proteins mainly involved in acute inflammation
fibrinogen and immunoglobulins
what does fibrinogen do in acute inflammation?
coagulates to form fibrin
fibrin clots the exudate which localizes the inflammatory process (less easy to spread to other areas)
what does the word lysis mean
means ‘killing’ of cells
role of immunoglobulins in acute inflammation
helps antibodies recognise pathogens to be phagocytosed
also help in the complement system (system that helps ur body heal etc)
state 2 locations of acute inflammatory mediators
- molecules on endothelial cell surface
-molecules in blood plasma
what 5 things do inflammatory mediators cause ?
-vasodilation (change in vessel radius flow)
-increased permeability
-itch/pain
-chemotaxis
-neutrophil adhesion
what molecule helps with neutrophil adhesion (pavementing stage)
ICAM-1
What inflammatory mediator is released from Mast Cells?
Histamine
what antibody triggers the release of histamine ?
IgE cells
what does histamine act on and play a role in?
histamine acts on H1 receptors on endothelial cells and causes vasodilation & increased vessel wall permability
Where is the inflammatory mediator 5-hydroxytryptamine made/found?
platelets
What is 5-hydroxytryptamine called?
serotonin
what does serotonin cause ?
causes vasoconstriction
When is serotonin released? (5-hydroxytryptamine)
when platelets coagulate to repair a damaged vessel
what is malaise?
felling unwell
what does pyrexia cause
raised temperature
What symptoms do children with inflammation show specially? state 2
abdominal pain
vomiting
Define Neutrophilia and what does the bone marrow produce more of?
high number of neutrophils in the blood
bone marrow produces more white cells
what is it called when pus ends up in the bloodstream?
pyaemia
what is empyema ?
pus in hollow viscus
Define bacteraemia
bacteria in the blood
Define Septicaemia
bacteria growing in the blood
how to calculate CO
Cardiac output
HR X SV
(heart rate x stroke volume)
What is SVR and how is it calculated ?
systemic vascular resistance
SVR= BP/CO
What happens to Stroke volume during shock?
stroke volume decreases during shock
What are the 4 enzyme cascades that interact and make up plasma inflammatory mediators?
The blood coagulation pathway
Fibrinolysis
Kinin system
Complement Cascade
what are cytokines and chemokines & what produces them?
chemical mediators
produced by endothelium, macrophages & lymphocytes
role of fibrinolysis ?
breakdown the fibrin clots which helps with blood supply
what is the product of fibrin breakdown?
products are vasoactive (affect vessel diameter)
What are the symptoms of early septic shock?
Peripheral Vasodilation
Tachycardia
Hypotension (Low BP)
Pyrexia (raised temp)
Sometimes haemorrhagic skin rash
How is pyrexia caused during septic shock?
Bacterial endotoxin released
-> Interleukin-1 acts on hypothalamus
-> raised temperature (pyrexia)
How is haemorrhagic skin rash caused during septic shock?
Shock causes coagulation
-> fibrin breakdown releases vasoactive chemicals that cause vasodilation
-> Results in haemorrhagic rash
Whats the effect of falling blood pressure?
Reduced tissue perfusion
-> Tissue Hypoxia
-> Loss of tissue & organ function
What is the outcome of septic shock?
Tissue hypoxia -> cell death
Resulting in haemorrhage & death.
what does the molecule ICAM-1 help with?
neutrophil adhension (pavementing)
