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Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the duration in which ARDS should be diagnosed ?

A

1 week

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2
Q

What are the 2 most common causes of ARDS?

A

Pneumonia & sepsis

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3
Q

What are the 3 diagnostic guidelines of ARDS

A

1) <1 week of hypoxemia (72h)
2) No cardiac failure
3) Bilateral infiltration (white-out)

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4
Q

What atelectasis is irreversible ?

A

Contraction

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5
Q

Which lobe does centroacinar emphysema occur in and why?

A

Upper; it’s caused by smoking which goes more to the apex due to gravity

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6
Q

Which lobe does panacinar emphysema occur in and why?

A

Lower lobe; more blood reaching base of lung delivering more proteases & oxidants

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7
Q

What is bullous emphysema

A

Emphysema (usually paraseptal) with sub-pleural air bullae

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8
Q

What is reid index?

A

Thickness of mucus glands / thickness from cartilage to epithelium

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9
Q

Normal reid index?

A

<0.4

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10
Q

What does emphysema look like on a chest x ray?

A

Barrel lung

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11
Q

What does pink puffer stem from?

A

Pink from hypercapnia
Puffer from pursed lips breathing

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12
Q

What does “blue bloater” stem from?

A

Blue from cyanosis
Bloater from edema (&obesity)

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13
Q

Which lobe is brochiectasis more common in ?

A

Lower lobe

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14
Q

Which obstructive disease show finger clubbing?

A

Chronic bronchitis & bronchiectasis

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15
Q

Obstructive without cor pulmonale ?

A

Asthma

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16
Q

Why does asthma get worse at night?

A

PSNS activation and decreased cortisol

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17
Q

Is aspirin an allergen or trigger for asthma?

A

Trigger

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18
Q

Are viruses allergens or triggers for asthma?

A

Trigger

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19
Q

What mediators does Th2 release in asthma patients?

A

IL4 & IL13

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20
Q

What causes wheezing?

A

Decreased air flow diameter in small bronchioles

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21
Q

What does bilateral bronchiectasis indicate?

A

Systemic cause

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22
Q

What is the most common type of asbestos?

A

Serpentine

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23
Q

What is the most common asbestos lesion?

A

Pleural plaque

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24
Q

What is the most dangerous asbestos lesion?

A

Malignant mesothelioma

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25
Q

What is the most dangerous size for inhaled particles?

A

1-5 um

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26
Q

What is the most common source of sillica?

A

Quartz

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27
Q

Which pmeumoconiosis affects family members as well?

A

Asbestosis

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28
Q

Which HLA markers is sarcoidoses associated with?

A

HLA- A1&B8

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29
Q

At what stage are lung carcinomas usually detected ?

A

3-4

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30
Q

What lung cancers have cavitation?

A

Squamous cell carcinoma and large cell carcinoma

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31
Q

What carcinomas are positive for mucin?

A

Adenocarcinoma

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32
Q

What carcinomas are positive for chromogranin?

A

SCLC & Carcinoid

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33
Q

What carcinomas are positive for TTF-1?

A

Adenocarcinoma & SCLC

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34
Q

What mutation is lung carcinoid tumor associated with?

A

p10

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35
Q

What mutation is lung squamous cell carcinoma associated with?

A

p40

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36
Q

What mutation is lung adenocarcinoma associated with?

A

KRAS & EGFR

37
Q

What causes horseness of voice in lung cancer patients?

A

Compression of recurrent pharyngeal nerve

38
Q

What causes failing of the sniff tests (diaphragm paralysis) in lung cancer patients?

A

Compression of phrenic nerve

39
Q

Where do lung carcinomas usually metastasize to?

A

Liver, bone, brain, adrenals

40
Q

What lung cancer is not associated with smoking?

41
Q

How are neuroendocrine carcinomas treated?

A

Radio-chemotherapy

42
Q

How are NSCLCs treated?

A

Surgery (+chemotherapy)

43
Q

Alcoholic + Community pneumonia =

A

Klebsiella pneumonia

44
Q

CF + Community pneumonia =

A

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

45
Q

Organ transplant + Community pneumonia =

A

Legionella pneumophila

46
Q

Virus –> Community pneumonia =

A

Staphylococcus aureus

47
Q

Elderly + Community pneumonia =

A

M. Catarrhalis

48
Q

What’s the most common cause of atypical pmeumonia?

A

Mycoplasma pneumoniae

49
Q

What viruses cause pneumonia?

A

RSV & hMPV, PIV, CMV, Adenovirus

50
Q

What’s the age range most affected by Mycoplasma pmeumoniae ?

51
Q

Risk factors for aspiration pneumonia

A

Paralyzed / Anesthesia

52
Q

What is a lung abscess?

A

Suppurative necrosis that causes cavitation

53
Q

What CD4 level is considered AIDS

54
Q

What stain do we use for Pneumocystis jiroveci (PCP)?

A

Gomori methenamine silver

55
Q

What do Pneumocystis jiroveci (PCP) look like under microscope?

A

Cup shaped cysts

56
Q

What’s the most common cause of walking (atypical) pmeumonia ?

A

Mycoplasma pneumoniae

57
Q

What’s the most common cause of Nosocomial pmeumonia ?

A

P. Aeruginosa, S. Aureus, K. Pneumoniae

58
Q

Where does aspiration pneumonia usually form?

A

Upper lobe

59
Q

What are the S&S of lung abscess?

A

Air-fluid level x-ray and a foul smelling sputum

60
Q

What antibodies defend the URT & LRT respectively?

A

IgA for URT; IgM & IgG for LRT

61
Q

Beside pneumonia, what else does candidiasis cause?

A

Oral & vaginal thrush

62
Q

Beside pneumonia, what else does candidiasis cause in AIDS patients?

A

Esophageal candidiasis

63
Q

Beside pneumonia, what else does cryptococcosis cause?

A

Meningitis

64
Q

Beside pneumonia, what else does Mucormycosis go?

65
Q

What chronic pneumonias cause necrosis?

A

Granulomatous (3) + CMV + Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis

66
Q

What’s the other name for Cryptogenic organizing pneumonia?

A

Bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia (BOOP)

67
Q

What’s the other name for Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis?

A

Cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis

68
Q

What type of cough does IPF cause?

A

Nonproductive

69
Q

Which idiopathic restrictive lung disease isn’t correlated with smoking?

A

Non-specific interstitial pneumonia

70
Q

Where in the lung does IPF occur?

A

Basally & laterally

71
Q

Where in the lung does Coal worker’s pneumoconiosis occur?

A

Upper lobes

72
Q

How does sillica react under polarized microscopy?

A

Weakly birefringent

73
Q

How to describe calcified silica nodules look like on X-ray?

A

Egg shell calcification

74
Q

How long does is take sillicosis to develop?

A

20-40 years

75
Q

How long does is take asbestosis to develop?

A

10-20 years

76
Q

What’s the most common form of asbestos?

A

Serpentine

77
Q

Where in the lung does Sillicosis occur?

A

Upper lobe

78
Q

Where in the lung does Asbestosis occur?

A

Lower lobe

79
Q

Which drugs could cause Drug induced pulmonary (restrictive) disease?

A

Bleomycin (Chemo) & Amiodarone (Arrythmia)

80
Q

What race is sarcoidosis common in?

A

African Americans & Scandinavians

81
Q

What age group is most affected by sarcoidosis?

82
Q

What genes increases prevalence of sarcoidosis?

A

HLA-A1 & HLA-B8

83
Q

What is SICCA syndrome?

A

Sarcoidosis in Eyes & Lacrimal glands

84
Q

What is MIKULICZ syndrome?

A

Sarcoidosis in Eyes, lacrimal glands and parotid glands (salivary)

85
Q

What is DIP; what causes it; How is it treated?

A

Desquamativr Interstitial pneumonia; smoking; steroids

86
Q

What type of HSV is Hypersensitivity pneumonia?

87
Q

How is a sputum sample determined adequate?

A

Presence of macrophages

88
Q

Why aren’t ARDS patients given oxygen therapy?

A

V/Q mismatch due to vesicular damage

RS (9 decks)

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