Anatomy Flashcards
What is the site of drainage of middle ethmoid cells?
Bulla ethmoidalis in the middle meatus
What is the opening of pharynx to the nose called?
Choanae
What vertebrae does the larynx accompany?
4th,5th & 6th
What are the posterior horns of the thyroid cartilage called?
Superior and inferior Conru
What is the color of the vestibular and vocal folds and why are they that color?
Vestibular is red ; vascular
Vocal is white ; avascular
What is the opening between the vocal cords called ?
Rima glottidis
What is the narrowest part of the larynx?
Rima glottidis for adults and cricoid cartilage for children
What muscle narrows the laryngeal inlet?
Oblique arytenoid muscle
What muscle widens the laryngeal inlet?
Thyroepiglottic muscle
What is the function of the cricothyroid muscle?
Tenses vocal cords
What is the function of the thyroarytenoid muscle?
Relaxes vocal cords
What is the function of the lateral cricoarytenoid muscle?
Adducting the vocal cord
What is the function of the posterior cricoarytenoid muscle?
Abducts vocal cords
What nerves innervate intrinsic muscles of the larynx?
Recurrent laryngeal nerve (external laryngeal for thyroarytenoid)
What is the endpoint of the trachia called?
Carina
Describe the location of the trachea in relevance to vertebrae
From C6 to the disc between T4 & T5 (Sternal angle)
What sensory nerves supply the trachea?
Vagus & recurrent laryngeal
What arteries supply the trachea?
Inferior thyroid arteries
the lower 1/3: bronchial arteries
What lymph nodes drain the trachea?
Pretracheal and paratracheal
What structure anterior to the trachea in the neck portion is only found in children?
Left brachiocephalic vein
Where does the azygos vein sit in relation to the trachea?
Right side of the mediasternum part
Which primary bronchus is more prone to food getting in it and why?
Right; wider and more vertical
What type of cartilage is the exterior nose made from?
Hyaline cartilage
What is the most common location of anterior epistaxis?
Little’s area as it contains kiesselbach plexus
Which sinus is most prone to infections and why?
Maxillary, it empties superiorly so needs to be full before that
What structures does aryepiglottic fold connect?
Epiglottis to corniculate cartilage
True ribs are number …..?
1-7
False ribs are number …..?
8, 9, 10
Floating ribs are number …..?
11 & 12
Typical ribs are number …..?
3-9
Which ribs only have one facet on their head?
1,10,11,12
What extra landmarks does the 1st rib have?
Scalene tubercle & groves for subclavian artery & vein
What makes the 2nd rib atypical?
It has a seratous tubercle
What makes ribs 11&12 atypical?
Lack of neck = lack of tubercle = lack of facet for the transverse process of vertebrae
What artery are the posterior intercostal branches of spaces 3-11 a branch of?
Descending thoracic aorta
Origin & insertion of diaphram
O) Xiphoid + lower 6 costal cartilages + L1-L3 + arcuate ligaments
I) Central tendon
Which diaphragm crus is longer?
Right
Where is the caval opening located?
On the right of T8
Where is the esophageal opening located?
Anterior to T10, in the right crust
Where is the aortic opening located?
Anterior to T12
What passes through the caval opening?
Vena cava & right phrenic nerve
What passes through the esophageal opening?
(Esophagus)
2) vagus nerves
3) esophageal branch of left gastric vessels
4) lymphatics from lower 1/3 of esophagus
What passes through the aortic opening?
(Aorta), thoracic duct & azygos vein
What is the motor nerve supply of the diaphragm?
Phrenic nerves
What is the sensory nerve supply of the diaphragm?
Phrenic nerve for central surface
Lower 6 intercostal n. for lateral
What nerve could act as an accessory phrenic nerve in paralysis?
Nerve to subclavius
When is damage to diaphragm considered in an injury?
When it’s below the nipple (5th rib)
What nerve supplies the parietal pleura?
Phrenic nerve for mediastinal pleura & dome of diaphragmatic pleura
Intercostal nerves for costal & peripheral diaphragmatic pleuras
How much of the lung is over the thoracic outlet? (In CMs)
2.5
The anterior border of the left lung is at which anatomical lines when it passes 6th, 8th & 10th rib respectively?
6th: midclavicular
8th: midaxillary
10th: paravertebral
How far is the lung from the midline posteriorly ?
4 cm
The horizontal fissure of the lung is at the rib number….?
T4
The equivalent of the middle lobe in the left lung is called?
The lingula
What are the other names of the primary, secondary and tertiary bronchi respectively?
Main, lobar, segmental
What kind of epithelium is vestibular fold?
Respiratory epithelium
What kind of epithelium is vocal fold?
Stratified squamous epithelium
What are lung pleuras derived from?
Visceral from splenchic mesoderm and parietal from somatic mesoderm
When does the pseudoglandular period of lung development occur?
Weeks 6-16
What period of lung development occurs between weeks 16 & 26?
Canalicular period
When does respiration begin in a fetus?
Week 16
When does the terminal sac stage of lung development occur?
Week 26 until birth
At what stage of lung development is most alveolar development occuring?
Alveolar period (week 32-8 years after birth)
At what age is alveolar development completed?
3 years old
Where does the vallecula sit?
Median glossepiglottic fold
Where does piriform fossa sit?
Laryngopharyngal depression
What marks the oral isthmus?
Palatoglossal arch
What artery pierces the thyrohyoid membrane?
Superior laryngeal artery
What nerve pierces the thyrohyoid membrane?
Internal laryngeal
What is the narrowest part of the larynx?
Adults: rima glottidis
Children: cricoid cartilage
What is the lateral cricoid facet for?
Articulation with inferior cornu of thyroid cartilage
What is the posterior cricoid facet for?
Articulation with arytenoid cartilage
What structure lies anterior to the larynx?
Infrahyoid muscle (strap)
What vertebrae does the trachea pass?
C6-T5
