pathology 15 (pg 702-724) the lung Flashcards
what is the most common cause of death in viral influenza epidemics
superimposed bacterial pneumonia
what is the most common cause of community-acquired acute pneumonia
streptococcus pneumoniae
what appears in the sputum for streptococcus pneumoniae
presence of numerous neutrophils containing the typical gram-positive, lancet-shaped diplococci
what serotype of haemophilus influenza is most virulent
type B
what is the most frequent cause of gram negative bacterial pneumonia
klebsiella pneumoniae
who does klebsiella pneumoniae primarily effect
debilitated and malnourished people, particularly chronic alcoholics
what are the 2 patterns of anatomical distributions for bacterial pneumonia
lobular bronchopneumonia and lobar pneumonia
what is the dominant feature in bronchopneumonia
patchy consolidation
what are the 4 stages of inflammatory response in lobar pneumonia
congestion, red hepatization, gray hepatization, and resolution
what are the foci of bronchopneumonia
consolidated areas of acute suppurative inflammation
what are the major symptoms of community acquired acute bacterial pneumonia
abrupt onset of high fever, shaking chills, and cough producting mucopurulent sputum
what type of virus is human metapneumovirus
paramyxovirus
what are the similar morphological changes that all viral infections produce
URI marked by mucosal hyperemia and swelling, lymphomonocytic and plasmacytic infiltration of the submucosa, and overproduction of mucus secretions
what term describes a local suppurative process that produces necrosis of lung tissue
pulmonary abscess
what is the cardinal histological change in all abscesses
suppurative destruction of the lung parenchyma within the central area of cavitation
how is histoplasma capsulate infection acquired
by inhalation of duct particles from soil contaminated with bird or bat droppings that contain small spores
what are the major target of histoplasmosis
macrophages
what cells help control histoplasma infections
helper T cells that recognize fungal cell wall antigens and heat shock proteins and subsequently secrete IFN_gamma, which activates macrophages to kill intracellular yeasts
what does histoplasma infections produce in the lungs of otherwise healthy adults
granulomas
what are the 2 major complications of a transplanted lung
infection and rejection
what are the morphological features of acute rejection in lung transplantation
inflammatory infiltrates
what is the major morphologic correlate of chronic rejection in lung transplantation
bronchiolitis obliterans
what type of cancer is the most frequently diagnosed major cancer in the world
lung cancer
what type of lung cancer has the strongest association with smoking
small cell carcinoma
what is adenocarcinoma marked by
oncogenic gain-of-function mutations involving components of growth factor receptor signaling pathways
what are the 4 types of morphologic precursor epithelial lesions that are recognized for lung cancer
squamous dysplasia and carcinoma in situ; atypical adenomatous hyperplasia, adenocarcinoma in situ, and diffuse idiopathic pulmonary neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia
what is the most common form of lung cancer in women
adenocarcinoma
what is atypical adenomatous hyperplasia characterized by
dysplastic pneumocytes lining alveolar walls that are mildly fibrotic
what is adenocarcinoma in situ composed of
entirely of dysplastic cells growing along preexisting alveolar septa
how is squamous cell carcinoma characterized histologically
the presence of keratinization and/or intracellular bridges
where do most squamous cell carcinomas occur
centrally from the segmental or sub segmental bronchi
where do small cell carcinomas typically occur
major bronchi or in periphery of lung
describe large cell carcinoma
undifferentiated malignant epithelial tumor that lacks the cytologic features of other forms of lung cancer
how are small cell lung carcinomas best treated
chemotherapy because almost all are metastatic in presentation
what is carcinoid syndrome characterized by
intermittent attacks of diarrhea, flushing and cyanosis
what is the most common connective tissue in hamartomas
cartilage
who does lymphangioleiomyomatosis primarily effect
young woman of childbearing age
what is lymphangioleiomyomatosis characterized by
proliferation of perivascular epithelioid cells that express markers of both melanocytes and smooth muscle cells
what is the most common site of metastatic neoplasms
the lung
what is empyema characterized by
located, yellow-green, creamy pus composed of masses of neutrophils admixed with other leukocytes
define hydrothorax
noninflammatory collections of serous fluids within the pleural cavity
describe the fluid involved in hydrothorax
clear and straw colored
what is the most common cause of hydrothorax
cardiac failure
describe the effected lung with malignant mesothelioma
ensheathed by a thick layer of soft, gelatinous, grayish pink tumor tissue
what are the presenting complaints with malignant mesothelioma
chest pain, dyspnea, and recurrent pleural effusions
