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LECOM S3 PBL > pathology 15 (pg 702-724) the lung > Flashcards

pathology 15 (pg 702-724) the lung Flashcards

1
Q

what is the most common cause of death in viral influenza epidemics

A

superimposed bacterial pneumonia

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2
Q

what is the most common cause of community-acquired acute pneumonia

A

streptococcus pneumoniae

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3
Q

what appears in the sputum for streptococcus pneumoniae

A

presence of numerous neutrophils containing the typical gram-positive, lancet-shaped diplococci

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4
Q

what serotype of haemophilus influenza is most virulent

A

type B

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5
Q

what is the most frequent cause of gram negative bacterial pneumonia

A

klebsiella pneumoniae

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6
Q

who does klebsiella pneumoniae primarily effect

A

debilitated and malnourished people, particularly chronic alcoholics

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7
Q

what are the 2 patterns of anatomical distributions for bacterial pneumonia

A

lobular bronchopneumonia and lobar pneumonia

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8
Q

what is the dominant feature in bronchopneumonia

A

patchy consolidation

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9
Q

what are the 4 stages of inflammatory response in lobar pneumonia

A

congestion, red hepatization, gray hepatization, and resolution

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10
Q

what are the foci of bronchopneumonia

A

consolidated areas of acute suppurative inflammation

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11
Q

what are the major symptoms of community acquired acute bacterial pneumonia

A

abrupt onset of high fever, shaking chills, and cough producting mucopurulent sputum

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12
Q

what type of virus is human metapneumovirus

A

paramyxovirus

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13
Q

what are the similar morphological changes that all viral infections produce

A

URI marked by mucosal hyperemia and swelling, lymphomonocytic and plasmacytic infiltration of the submucosa, and overproduction of mucus secretions

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14
Q

what term describes a local suppurative process that produces necrosis of lung tissue

A

pulmonary abscess

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15
Q

what is the cardinal histological change in all abscesses

A

suppurative destruction of the lung parenchyma within the central area of cavitation

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16
Q

how is histoplasma capsulate infection acquired

A

by inhalation of duct particles from soil contaminated with bird or bat droppings that contain small spores

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17
Q

what are the major target of histoplasmosis

A

macrophages

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18
Q

what cells help control histoplasma infections

A

helper T cells that recognize fungal cell wall antigens and heat shock proteins and subsequently secrete IFN_gamma, which activates macrophages to kill intracellular yeasts

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19
Q

what does histoplasma infections produce in the lungs of otherwise healthy adults

A

granulomas

20
Q

what are the 2 major complications of a transplanted lung

A

infection and rejection

21
Q

what are the morphological features of acute rejection in lung transplantation

A

inflammatory infiltrates

22
Q

what is the major morphologic correlate of chronic rejection in lung transplantation

A

bronchiolitis obliterans

23
Q

what type of cancer is the most frequently diagnosed major cancer in the world

A

lung cancer

24
Q

what type of lung cancer has the strongest association with smoking

A

small cell carcinoma

25
Q

what is adenocarcinoma marked by

A

oncogenic gain-of-function mutations involving components of growth factor receptor signaling pathways

26
Q

what are the 4 types of morphologic precursor epithelial lesions that are recognized for lung cancer

A

squamous dysplasia and carcinoma in situ; atypical adenomatous hyperplasia, adenocarcinoma in situ, and diffuse idiopathic pulmonary neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia

27
Q

what is the most common form of lung cancer in women

A

adenocarcinoma

28
Q

what is atypical adenomatous hyperplasia characterized by

A

dysplastic pneumocytes lining alveolar walls that are mildly fibrotic

29
Q

what is adenocarcinoma in situ composed of

A

entirely of dysplastic cells growing along preexisting alveolar septa

30
Q

how is squamous cell carcinoma characterized histologically

A

the presence of keratinization and/or intracellular bridges

31
Q

where do most squamous cell carcinomas occur

A

centrally from the segmental or sub segmental bronchi

32
Q

where do small cell carcinomas typically occur

A

major bronchi or in periphery of lung

33
Q

describe large cell carcinoma

A

undifferentiated malignant epithelial tumor that lacks the cytologic features of other forms of lung cancer

34
Q

how are small cell lung carcinomas best treated

A

chemotherapy because almost all are metastatic in presentation

35
Q

what is carcinoid syndrome characterized by

A

intermittent attacks of diarrhea, flushing and cyanosis

36
Q

what is the most common connective tissue in hamartomas

A

cartilage

37
Q

who does lymphangioleiomyomatosis primarily effect

A

young woman of childbearing age

38
Q

what is lymphangioleiomyomatosis characterized by

A

proliferation of perivascular epithelioid cells that express markers of both melanocytes and smooth muscle cells

39
Q

what is the most common site of metastatic neoplasms

A

the lung

40
Q

what is empyema characterized by

A

located, yellow-green, creamy pus composed of masses of neutrophils admixed with other leukocytes

41
Q

define hydrothorax

A

noninflammatory collections of serous fluids within the pleural cavity

42
Q

describe the fluid involved in hydrothorax

A

clear and straw colored

43
Q

what is the most common cause of hydrothorax

A

cardiac failure

44
Q

describe the effected lung with malignant mesothelioma

A

ensheathed by a thick layer of soft, gelatinous, grayish pink tumor tissue

45
Q

what are the presenting complaints with malignant mesothelioma

A

chest pain, dyspnea, and recurrent pleural effusions

LECOM S3 PBL (10 decks)

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