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LECOM S3 PBL > histology 18: liver, pancreas and gallbladder > Flashcards

histology 18: liver, pancreas and gallbladder Flashcards

1
Q

what is the approximate volume in the human gallbladder

A

50 mL

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2
Q

what surface of the liver is the gallbladder attached to

A

visceral

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3
Q

what type of epithelium is in the mucosal folds of the gallbladder

A

simple columnar epithelium

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4
Q

describe the microvilli of the cholangiocytes

A

numerous but short and not well-developed and apical

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5
Q

what does the muscular externa originate from

A

foregut derived tube

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6
Q

what is the layer of tissue where the gallbladder attaches to the liver surface referred to as

A

adventitia

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7
Q

what do rokitansky-aschoff sinuses develop as the result of

A

hyperplasia and herniation of epithelial cells through the muscularis external

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8
Q

what coupled transport is required for the concentration of bile

A

salt and water

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9
Q

what do the epithelial cells of the gallbladder actively transport

A

Na+, Cl- and HCO3-

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10
Q

where does the pancreatic duct (of wirsung) empty into the duodenum

A

hepatopancreatic ampulla (of vater)

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11
Q

what does the exocrine component of the pancreas do

A

synthesizes and secretes enzymes into the duodenum that are essential for digestion in the intestine

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12
Q

what does the endocrine pancreas synthesize and secrete

A

insulin and glucagon

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13
Q

what are the major cell masses of the endocrine pancreas

A

islets of langerhans

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14
Q

what gland does the exocrine pancreas resemble

A

parotid gland

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15
Q

what are acinar cells characterized by

A

distinct basophilia in the basal cytoplasm and by acidophilic zymogen granules in the apical cytoplasm

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16
Q

who are zymogen granules most common in

A

fasting individuals

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17
Q

what are acinar cells joined to one another

A

junctional complexes

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18
Q

describe centroacinar cells

A

intercalated duct cells located in the acinus

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19
Q

what type of epithelium of interlobular ducts lined with

A

low columnar epithelium

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20
Q

what do intercalated ducts add to the exocrine secretion

A

bicarbonate and water

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21
Q

about how much fluid does the pancreas secrete per day

A

1 L

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22
Q

what does CCK stimulates the acinar cells to secrete

A

their proenzymes

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23
Q

what color do A, B and D cells stain in the mallory-azan method

A

A stain red, B stain brownish-orange and D stain blue

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24
Q

what cells constitute the majority of the islet of langerhans

A

B cells

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25
Q

what do A, B, and D cells secrete

A

A secrete glucagon, B secrete insulin, and D secrete somatostatin

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26
Q

what cells secrete Ghrelin

A

Epsilon cells

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27
Q

what does Ghrelin do

A

stimulates appetite

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28
Q

what disorder is characterized by absence or inadequate amounts of insulin

A

diabetes mellitus

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29
Q

how does parasympathetic/cholinergic stimulation effect insulin and glucagon

A

increases release of both

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30
Q

how does sympathetic/adrenergic stimulation effect insulin and glucagon

A

increase glucagon but inhibits insulin release

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31
Q

how does insulin effect exocrine secretion

A

stimulates it

32
Q

how does glucagon effect exocrine secretion

A

inhibits it

33
Q

what is the largest mass of glandular tissue in the body

A

liver

34
Q

what capsule encloses the liver

A

glisson’s capsule

35
Q

what does the liver embryologically develop from/as

A

endodermal evagination from the wall of the foregut to form the hepatic diverticulum

36
Q

what produces most of the body’s circulating plasma proteins

A

liver

37
Q

what are albumins involved in

A

regulating plasma volume and tissue balance by maintaining the plasma colloid osmotic pressure

38
Q

what synthesizes most VLDLs

A

liver

39
Q

what cells store vitamin A

A

hepatic stellate cells

40
Q

where does haptoglobin bind to free hemoglobin

A

in the plasma

41
Q

where is T4 converted to T3

A

liver

42
Q

where is the lipid component of lipoproteins produced

A

sER

43
Q

where is the protein component of lipoproteins produced

A

rER

44
Q

where are chylomicrons made

A

only in the small intestine

45
Q

what is the main function of chylomicrons

A

transport the large amount of absorbed fat to the bloodstream

46
Q

what is the function of VLDLs

A

transport most of the triglycerides from the liver to other organs

47
Q

where do the hepatic portal vein and hepatic artery enter the liver

A

at the hilum/porta hepatis

48
Q

what does the hepatic artery branch from

A

the celiac trunk

49
Q

what does the terminal hepatic venule (central vein) empty into

A

sub lobular veins

50
Q

what are the vascular channels between the plates of hepatocytes

A

sinusoidal capillaries

51
Q

what functions of the liver does the portal lobule emphasize

A

exocrine functions

52
Q

what structural component of the liver provides the best correlation between blood perfusion, metabolic activity and liver pathology

A

liver acinus

53
Q

what does zone 1 of the liver acinus correspond most with

A

periphery of the classic lobules

54
Q

what is zone 3 of the liver acinus closest to

A

terminal hepatic vein/ central vein

55
Q

what zone of the liver acinus is first to receive oxygen, nutrients and toxins from sinusoidal blood

A

zone 1

56
Q

what zone of the liver acinus is first to show morphological changes after bile duct occlusion (bile stasis)

A

zone 1

57
Q

what zone of the liver acinus is first to show ischemic necrosis in situations of reduced perfusion

A

zone 3

58
Q

what zone of the liver acinus is first to show fat accumulation

A

zone 3

59
Q

what are hepatic sinusoids lined with

A

thin discontinuous endothelium

60
Q

what system to kupffer cells belong to

A

mononuclear phagocytic system

61
Q

what zone of the liver acinus is first to be effected by CHF

A

zone 3

62
Q

what is the perisinusoidal space the site of

A

exchange of materials between blood and liver cells

63
Q

what happens to hepatic stellate cells (ito cells) in pathological conditions

A

they differentiate into myofibroblasts and synthesize collagen

64
Q

what role do hepatic stellate/ito cells play in hepatic fibronogenesis

A

they synthesize and deposit type 1 and 3 collagen within the perisinusoidal space, resulting in liver fibrosis

65
Q

where does hepatic lymph originate

A

perisinusoidal space

66
Q

what cells make up the anastomosing cell plates of the liver lobule

A

hepatocytes

67
Q

describe the shape of the hepatocytes

A

polyhedral

68
Q

what do lysosomes concentrated near the bile canaliculus correspond to

A

there peribiliary dense bodies seen in histologic sections

69
Q

what cells line the biliary tree

A

cholangiocytes

70
Q

what do cholangiocytes do

A

monitor bile flow and regulates its content

71
Q

what cells make up the canal of hering

A

hepatocytes and cholangiocytes

72
Q

where is the reservoir for liver progenitor cells

A

canal of hering

73
Q

what is the main distinction between the canal of hiring and the bile ductule

A

whether the structure is partially or completely lined by cholangiocytes (bile duct is completely)

74
Q

what carries bile to the gallbladder and duodenum

A

extra hepatic bile ducts

75
Q

what is the detoxified end product of hemoglobin breakdown

A

bilirubin glucuronide

LECOM S3 PBL (10 decks)

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