Pathology Flashcards
Primary causes of Nephrotic syndrome
Minimal change
Focal segmented Glomerular sclerosis
membranous
Membranoproliferative
inflammation of the glans penis. Associated with poor hygiene - rare in circumcised individuals.
Balanitis
primary stage chancre heals within to weeks caused by treponemma pallidum
syphilis
morphology of N. gonorrhea
intracellular gram negative diplococci
the N. gono cause
acute purulent urethritis associated with prostatitis and epididymitis
Ch. trachomatis cause
non- gonococcal urethritis
Related to the accumulation of squamous cell & inflammatory debris
Carcinoma in situ
Infection with high-risk HPV
Carcinoma in situ
squamous cell carcinoma
Developmental failure of a testis to descend into the scrotum.
cryptorchidism
continuity of the tunica vaginalis with the peritoneal cavity
Hydrocele
Hydroceles can be distinguishedvclinically from solid testicular tumorsv by
physical examination and
transillumination.
blood accumulation of blood distending the
tunica vaginalis. Most often caused by trauma, or
occasionally due to a tumor.
Hematocele
varicose dilation of multiple veins of the
spermatic cord
Varicocele
sperm-containing cyst. Most often intratesticular.
Spermatocele
testicular atrophy
often unknown etiology
orchitis
trauma
disorder of hypothalamus or pitutary
hormonal therapy as estrogen
liver cirrhosis
cryptorchidism
klinefelter syndrome
chronic deblititating disease
old age
cause of bacterial orchitis
syphilis associated with epididymitis
cause of viral orchitis
mumps
causes of epididymitis
N. Gono
C. trachomatis
E.coli
M. tuberculosis
the most common testicular germ cell tumor
seminoma
Analogous to ovarian dysgerminoma
Seminoma
associated with increased serum hCG
Seminoma
Embryonal carcinoma
choriocarcinoma
give metastases to abdominal lymph nodes
Seminoma
Comprised of three distinct cell types, lacks ITGCN with no significant lymphocytic response
spermatocytic seminoma
large cells withcentrally located nuclei and
prominent nucleoli. Fibrous septa separate nests of tumor cells
Seminoma
compare between spermatocytic and conventional seminoma
spermatocytic: no ITGCN no lymphocytic response
conventional: have ITGCN and lymphocytic inflitrate
Analogous to similar ovarian tumor
Embryonal carcinoma
Increase in serum AFP (alpha fetoprotein)
Endodermal sinus (yolk sac) tumor
most common testicular tumor in infacy and early childhood
Endodermal sinus (yolk sac) tumor
morphologicaly has Schiller-Duval body
Endodermal sinus (yolk sac) tumor
Germ cell tumor is derived from two or more embryonic layers
teratoma
involve Multiple tissue types: such as cartilage islands, ciliated epithelium, liver cells, neuroglia, embryonic gut, or striated muscle.
Teratoma
the three types of teratoma
mature: always malignant
immature: behavior is malignant
teratoma with malignant transformation: contains malignant tissue, such as squamous cell carcinoma
highly chemosensitive
Choriocarcinoma
Characterized by intracytoplasmic Reinke crystals
Leydig cell tumor
Androgen-producing
Leydig cell tumor
Testicular Sex Cord Stromal tumors
Leydig cell tumor
sertoli cell tumor
Granulosa cell tumor
Associated with precocious puberty in children and gynecomastia in adults
Leydig cell tumor
related to the action of dihydrotestosterone (DHT)
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
promote expression of receptors for DHT
estrogen
DHT is synthesized from
testosterone
DHT is synthesized from
testosterone by the action
of
5α-reductase, type 2
Inhibition of which enzyme
is one approach to the
treatment of BPH
5 alpha reductase
Early stage of adenocarcinoma
increased PSA
late stage of adenocarcinoma
increased serum prostatic acid phosphatase
Bony osteoblastic metastasis from adenocarcinoma
increased serum alkaline phosphatase
effacement of glomerular foot processes without
antibody deposits.
minimal change disease
Most frequent cause of nephrotic syndrome in children
minimal change disease (nephrotic)
Glomeruli show focal and segmental obliteration of capillary lumina
Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis
nonspecific trapping of IgM and C3
Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis
Most often directed against the PLA2R on podocytes
Membranous nephropathy
LM: diffuse capillary wall thickening.
IF: Granular subepithelial deposits of antibodies IgG and C3
Membranous nephropathy
Type 1 is an immune complex–mediated disease with immune deposits in the subendothelial location.
Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis
GBM “spike” formation
membranous nephropathy
Deposition of immune complexes, mainly in the subepithelial spaces, with abundant neutrophils and proliferation of glomerular cells.
Acute postinfectious glomerulonephritis
Primarily subepithelial humps.
Acute postinfectious glomerulonephritis
Granular deposits (IgG, IgM and C3 along GBM and mesagium)
Acute postinfectious glomerulonephritis
Most common form of
glomerulonephritis worldwide
IgA nephropathy
Mesangial deposits of IgA containing
immune complexes
IgA nephropathy
showing subtle mesangial
hypercellularity
IgA nephropathy
mesangial electrondense deposits.
IgA nephropathy
caused by
mutations in genes encoding GBM/type IV collagen
Hereditary nephritis (Alport syndrome)
Hereditary nephritis (Alport syndrome)
mutations in genes encoding GBM/type IV collagen
It manifests as hematuria and slowly progressing proteinuria
benign nonprogressive disorder caused by mutation encoding GBM
thin basement membrane disease
Severe glomerular injury with necrosis, GBM breaks, and proliferation of parietal epithelium (crescents)
Rapidly Progressive Glomerulonephritis
