Microbiology Flashcards
1
Q
Serotyping by slide agglutination to which strains of E.Coli
A
EPEC & EHEC
jj
2
Q
what causes infection when leave the intestine
A
Proteus
jj
3
Q
in EHEC we detect the vero toxin by …… and detect the organism by …….
A
ELISA
Immunoflourescence in stools
4
Q
indicators of fecal pollution of water
A
E.Coli, Enterococcus faecalis and
Cl. perfringens
5
Q
klebsiella are normal inhabitants in
A
intestine and respiratory tract
6
Q
causes inclusion conjunctivitis and which serotypes
A
C. trachomatis and serotypes D-K
7
Q
Klebsiella are in soil and water as
A
Saprophytes
8
Q
meaning of nosocomial?
A
orginating in hospital
Hospital acuired diseases
9
Q
Klebsiella causing nosocomial diseases in man due to
A
multi-drug resistant strains
10
Q
how many serotypes of klebsiella
A
77 based on the capsular polysaccharide
11
Q
the non lactose fermenters
A
Slamonella, shigella, proteus
12
Q
why collonies of Klebsiella are mucoid
A
due to production of abundant extracellular slime by the capsule
13
Q
biochemical activities of klebsiella
A
- the ferment glucose maltose sucrose luctose, mannite, and salicin
- they are indole negative/ VP positive/MR negative/ citrate positive
14
Q
what diseases caused by K.penumonia
A
lopar pneumonia
neonatal meningitis
septicemia
urinary track infection
hospital acquired infection
kill mice in 24-48 hours when injected intra-peritoneal
15
Q
causes Rhinoscleroma
A
k. rhinoscleromatis
16
Q
causes atrophic rhinitis
A
K. ozaenae
17
Q
K. causes hospital acuired infection
A
K. oxytoca
oxygen in hospital, oxytoca in hospital
18
Q
enterobacter, citrobacter, serratia
A
- they are in soil, water, stool
- causes urinary tract, wound, and blood streams infections to hospitalized patients, immunocomromised especially those under invasive procedure such as respiratory intuubation, intravenous and urinary catheters
- gram negative bacilli, motile, and differentiated by thier biochemical activities
19
Q
Proteus are found in ……….. and are inhabitants of ……….
A
soil and water
intestine in man
20
Q
- oxidase positive
- don’t ferment any sugar
- Acid is produced from glucose by oxidation only
A
Pseudomonas
21
Q
when proteus cause infection
A
when they leave intestine
22
Q
the two important species of proteus
A
P. vulgaris
P. mirabilis
23
Q
Diseases caused by proteus
A
- Urinary tract infection caused by proteus mirabilis
- wound infection
- pneumonia
- meningitis
- otitis media
- bacteremia
24
Q
what require antibiotic sensitivity test
A
proteus
morganella morgani
providencia rettgeri
25
why we make urease test in proteus
to differentiate between salmonella and shigella
Urease positive
26
what is phenylalanine deaminase positive?
Proteus
morganella morgani
providencia rettgeri
27
what cause hospital acquired infections
E.coli
Klebsiella
Proteus
Morganella morgani
Providencia rettgeri
28
Produce H2S
Proteus
29
Causes reiter's syndrome
C. trachomatis
30
what is Reiter's syndrome
UAU (Urethritis, Arthritis, Uveitis)
It is an autoimmune disease caused by antibodies formed against C. trachomatis cross - reacting with antigens on the cells of urethra, joint, uveal
31
??
32
??
33
Urease positive
Klebsiella
Proteus
Morganella Morganii
Providencia Rettgeri
Ureaplasma urealyticum
34
Non-lactose fermenters
Salmonella
Shigella
Proteus
Morganella Morganii
Providencia rettgeri
35
lactose fermenters
Escherichia
Klebsiella
Enterobacter
36
late lactose fermenters
Sh. sonnei, Citrobacter, Provedentia
Enteroinvasive E.Coli
37
the virulence factors of E.coli
1. pili or colonization factor
2. Capsule
3. Endotoxin
4. Exotoxin
5. Verotoxin or shigatoxin
38
the virulence factors that genetically carried on plasmids
Pili
Enterotoxins (Exotoxins)
39
has exotoxin A: that is similar to diphetria toxin anf causes tissue necrosis
pseudomonas
40
pili of e.coli
1. enables the organism to adhere to mucosal cells
2. it is genetically carried in plasmids
41
Capsule of E.coli
| Function
enterferes with phagocytosis
42
Endotoxic of E coli
It is a lipopolysaccharide that causes endotoxic manifestation (shock, hypotension, fever)
43
Verotoxin or Shiga toxin produced by
by enterohaemorrgic E Coli strains
44
has a sweet grape like odour
Pseudomonas
45
what are the virulence factors of Uropathogenic E coli
Pili with adhesive proteins
K antigens
exotoxins(haemolysins)
46
has capsular antigen K1
E.coli strains that causes
47
Causes infantile diarrhea
Enterotoxigenic
Enteropathogenic
48
require pyocin typing in diagnosis for epidimiologic purposes
pseudomonas
49
are obligate intracellular parasites?
Chlamydiae
50
??
51
52
Serotypes D-K causes
inclusion conjunctivitis
Genital infections
1. NGU and epididymitis in males
2. cervicitis, salpingitis, pelvic inflammatory disease
53
bacteria that can not synthesize ATP
Chlamydiae
54
causing travellers diarrhea
Enterotoxigenic E.coli
55
Has LT and ST exotoxins
Enterotoxigenic
56
causes dysentry like diarrhea
Enteroinvasive
57
has serotypes O26, Om, O55
Enteropathogenic
58
Causes acute and persistent diarrhea in children and HIV patients
Enteroaggregative
59
# Causes
1. traveler's diarrhea
2. causes neonatal diarrhea(infantile diarrhea)
3. dysentry like diarrhea
4. Bloddy diarrhea
5. Acute and persistent diarrhea in children and HIV
1. Enterotoxigenic
2. Enterotoxiegenic and Enteropathogenic
3. Enteroinvasive
4. Enterohaemorragic
5. Enteroaggregative
60
# E.col strain
Like shigella, non-lactose and non motile
Enteroinvasive
61
1. adheres to intestinal epi. by pili
2. adheres to intestinal epi. and loss of micro vill and cupping of cells around bacteria
3. invasion of epithelium
4. haemorrhagic colitis
5. aggregative adherence to mucosa in patches
1. enterotoxigenic
2. enteropathogenic
3. entero invasive
4. Enterohaemorrhagic
5. Enteroaggregative
62
# E.coli strain
identified by DNA probes and He-p2 cell cultures
Enteroaggregative
63
Has serotype 0157:H7
Enterohemorrhagic
64
has greenish coloration of culture due to its diffusible exopigments
pseudomonas
65
the commonest pathogen of pseudomonas
P. aeruginosa
66
infections caused by pseudomonas
1. Urinary tract inf
2. wound inf
3. otitis externa
4. corneal ulcer in contact lens users
5. pneumonia
6. sepsis with ecthyma gangrenosum
7. osteomyelitis and endocarditis in IV drug users
67
Morphology pf pseudomonas
Gram negative motile bacili
68
Virulence factors of pseudomonas
1. Pili
2. Endotoxin
3. Enzymes (elastase and protease), that facilitate
invasion.
4. Exotoxin A: very similar to diphtheria toxin in its
action and causes tissue necrosis
69
Caused by serotypes A, B, C of Chlamydiae trachomatis
Trachoma
70
??
71
??
72
From chlamydiae: Causes atherosclerotic coronary artery and cardiovascular disease
Chlamydiae pneumoniae
73
Causes Neonatal pneumonia acquired from birth canal from infected mother
C. Trachomatis
| causes also pneumonitis in immunocompromised patients
74
Which strain can live in a biofilm away from antibodies and phagocytosis
pseudomonas strains isolated from cystic fibrosis
| because it has exopolysachride (glycocalyx)
75
the three species of chlamydiae
1) chlamydiae trachomatis
2) chlamydiae psittaci
3) Chl. pneumoniae
76
Causes psittacosis that may be transmitted to man
Chl. psittaci
77
causes atypical pneumonia
Chl. pneumonia
78
Chlamydia trachomatis
ocular, genital and respiratory infection
| Trachomatous (تراكم نظري عملي تنفسي)
79
what is called the infectious form of Chlamydiae and the growing form of it
Elementary body
Initial or reticulate body
80
what staining and culture of Chlamydiae
1. they are stained with Giemsa or Macchiavello stain
2. they grow in tissue culture and in yolk sac oif chick embryo
81
Diseases caused by C. trachomatis
I- Ocular infections:
1- Trachoma
2- Inclusion conjunctivitis
II- Genital infections: non-gonococcal urethritis
III- Lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV)
IV- Respiratory infection
82
Diseases caused by C. trachomatis
I- Ocular infections:
1- Trachoma
2- Inclusion conjunctivitis
II- Genital infections: non-gonococcal urethritis
III- Lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV)
IV- Respiratory infection
83
Diseases caused by C. trachomatis
I- Ocular infections:
1- Trachoma
2- Inclusion conjunctivitis
II- Genital infections: non-gonococcal urethritis
III- Lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV)
IV- Respiratory infection
84
what is trachoma?
It is a keratoconjunkitvits that start with acute infection of the conjunctiva and cornea that causes scarring and blindness
it is transmitted from eye to eye by fingers, fomites, flies
caused by serotypes ABC
85
??
86
??
87
Genital infections of C. trachomatis
* C. trachomatis serotypes D-K is a prominent cause of nongonococcal urethritis and rarely epididymitis in males.
* In females it causes cervicitis, salpingitis and pelvic
inflammatory disease.
* It can lead to sterility and predispose to ectopic
pregnancy.
88
which disease and which bacteria we used Frie test
LGV in C. trachomatis
89
What is Frie test?
it is a hypersensitivity skin test similar to tuberculin test used in diagnosis of LGV caused by C. trachomatis
90
which is used to diagnose chlamydial sexual transmitted diseases
Nucleic acids in specimens by DNA probes or PCR, which can be used on urine to diagnose chlamydial sexually transmitted diseases.
91
??
92
are useful in diagnosis of C. pneumoniae and C. psittaci and are not useful for genital tract c. trachomatis infections
| becuase trachomatis has many serotypes
serologic tests
93
They have corkscrew like motility
treponema pallidum
94
Causes Weil's disease
Leptospira (spirochaetes)
95
Can be inoculated in the testicles of rabbits
Treponema Pallidum
96
Has a hyaluronidase
| search for others has hyaluronidase
Treponema pallidum
97
Causes congentital syphilis?
T. pallidum (Spirochaetes)
98
they are pathologically occur intracellulary and extracellulary
Neisseriae Gonorrhea
99
ZZ
100
ZZ
101
ZZ
102
Respiratory infections of C. Trachomatis
1. inclusion conjunctivitis may go otitis, pharyngitis, nasal obstruction through nasolacrimal duct
2. pneumonitis in immunocompromised patients
3. Neonatal pneumonia result in detection of IgM antibody titre treated by erythromycin
103
Respiratory infections of C. Trachomatis
1. inclusion conjunctivitis may go otitis, pharyngitis, nasal obstruction through nasolacrimal duct
2. pneumonitis in immunocompromised patients
3. Neonatal pneumonia result in detection of IgM antibody titre treated by erythromycin
104
Diagnosis of Chlamydial infections
Specimens include; conjunctival and urethral discharge, cervical scrapings, sputum, urine, pus .. .etc. They are examined as follows:
1- Direct detection in the specimens of:
a- Intracytoplasmic inclusions
b- Chlamydial antigens
c- Nucleic acids in specimens by DNA probes or PCR, which can be used on urine to diagnose chlamydial sexually transmitted diseases.
2- Isolation on tissue culture
3- Serologic diagnosis
105
1. intracytoplasmic inclusions by
2. chlamydial antigens by
3. nucliec acids by
1. Giemsa or immunoflourescent staining
2. ELISA or flouresecent antibody staining
3. DNA probes or PCR
106
Serologic diagnosis of Chlamydia
* Detection of IgM or rising titre of IgG using CF test or ELISA
* Serologic tests are useful for C. pneumonia and C. psittaci
* are not useful for diagnosis of genital tract Chlamydial infection
107
the three genera of Spirochetes
Treponema, Borrelia, Leptospira
108
what diseases caused by the three genera of spirichaetes
Treponema pallidum causes syphilis
Borrelia causes relapsing fever and lyme disease
leptospira causes leptospirosis or Weill's disease
109
the two antibodies to diagnose syphilis
Treponema antibody against treponemal antigen
Second antibody (reagin) against cardiolipin
110
virulence factors of T. pallidum
* outer membrane protein for adherence to the surface of host cells
* Hyaluronidase which may facilitate perivascular infiltration
111
primary lesion of T. palidum
| Syphilis
hard painless chancre 2-10 weeks after exposure
papula which ulcerates
regional lymph nodes are enlarged
| large numbers of bacteria is present in this stage
112
Secondary stage
| Syphilis
Generalized manifestations
* chonylomata of anus and vulva
* mucous patches in the mouth
Systemic manifestations
* fever
* weight and hair loss
* joint pains
| large numbers of bacteria is present in this stage
113
Tertiary Syphilis
Granulomas (gumma) in skin and bones
CNS: paresis and tabes dorsalis
Cardiovascular: aortitis, aneurysm of aorta
| Treponemas are rarely seen in the lesions
114
Congenital syphilis
* 1. A pregnant syphilitic woman can transmit T. pallidum to the foetus through the placenta.
* this may lead to abortion or still birth, oe a living baby will develop congenital syphilis in childhood manifested as interstitial keratitis, hutchinson's teeth, saddle nose, and CNS anomalies
115
in congenital infection, the child make which antibody
IgM
116
Causes cupping of cells around bacteria
Enterpathogenic e.coli
117
Gram negative Diplococci arranged in pairs with adjacent flattened cells
Neisseriae Gonorrhea
118
culture on enriched media with heated blood like chocolate or MTM
N Gonorrhea
119
describe the colony of N.Gonorhea
convex
glistening
elevated
mucoid
transparent or opaque
non pigmented
non-hemolytic
120
all oxidase positive
N. Gonorrhea
Pseudomonas
| continue
121
Virulence factors of N. Gonorrhea
Pili
outer membrane proteins 123
IgA protease
Por proteins
Lipooligosacchride LOS
122
virulence factors of N Gono that have antigenic variations
pili
outer membrane proteins 123
Por protein
123
Virulence factors of N. Gono for attachment
pili
outer membrane proteins
IgA protease
124
# Virulence factos of N Gono characters
1. in the cell wall and responsible for endotoxic effects
2. hydrolyses IgA 1, a major mucosal immunoglobulin
3. antiphagocytic
4. prevent intracellular killing of gonococci within neutrophils by preventing phagosome-lysosome fusion
5. inactivates C3b making these strains resistant to killing by antibody and complement leading to disseminated infections
6. 100 serotypes based on
1. LOS
2. IgA protease
3. Pili
4. Por proteins
5. Por proteins
6. pili antigenic variation
125
Diseased caused by Gonococci
Gonorrhea (male G, female G, Anorectal and throat infection, Disseminated infection)
Ophthalmia Neonatorum
Vulvovaginitis
126
# Male gonorhea
1. acute
2. chronic
3. complicated
1. urethritis with purulent discharge
2. discharge morning drop
3. urethral stricture, prostatitis and epididymitis
127
Female Gonorhea cause?
1. Cervicitis and urethritis
2. salpingitis and pelvic inflammatory disease leading to fibrosis, ectobic pergnance and infertliity
3. Vagina not involved due to acidity
128
occurs in persons deficient in complement component C6-C9
Dissemenated gonococcal infections
septic arthrites, tenosynvitis, skin pustules and endo carditis
129
occur to heterosexual women and homosexual men and which bacteria?
anorectal and throat infection of N.Gonorrhea
130
Repeated gonoccocal infection due to
1. antigenic variation based on pili and outer membrane proteins
2. less IgG little protective action
3. secretory IgA protease
131
acute male gonorrhea diagnosed by
Direct smear by presence of gram negative diplococci intra and extracellulary in pus cells in urethral discharge
132
Used in diagnosis of DGI ( disseminated gonococcal infections)
Blood cultures
133
the smallest free living organism
Mycoplasma
134
they lack cell walland resistant to cell wall inhibitors
Mycoplasma
135
the only bacteria that contain cholesterol
Mycoplasma
136
Causes atypical pneumonia
1. M. pneumonia
| continue
137
ureaplasma urealyticum causes
urease positive
causes NGU and neonatal sepsis in premature infants
138
M. hominis causes
post partum fever and pelvic inflammatory disease (salpingitis)
139
M. genitalium
causes non- gonococcal urethritis
140
Causes non- gonococcal urethritis
1. Chlamydiae trachomatis
2. Ureaplasma Urealyticum
3. M. genitalium
141
Mycoplasma stained by
Giemsa
142
ghffdsfs
143
are gram variable cocco bacilli
Gardenrella vaginalis
144
# Gram stain?
1. C. albicans
1. positive
145
C. albicans are located in
1. upper respiratory tract
2. GIT
3. Female Genital tract
It cause superinfection in these sites
146
Predisposing factors of C. albicans
Diabetes
general Debility
Immunodeficiency
urinary catheters
intravenous drugs
prolonged treatment of broad spectrum antibiotics
corticosteroids
147
What is paronychia and what causes paronychia
infection around the nail caused by C.albicans
148
clinical affections of candida
* In mouth: white patches (oral thrush-moniliasis)
* Vulvovaginitis with itching and discharge
* skin invasion in warm moist areas as axilla and folds
* Nails: painful redness and swelling in in nails folds and thickning and loss of nail as Paronychia
* systemic candidiasis and chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis to which have deficient CMI and ineffective ThI7 response to candida
| mouth vagina skin hand systemic
149
Morphology of Candida
Large oval gram positive budding yeast cells with pseudohyphea
150
associated with germ tube formation in serum
Candida albicans
151
what uses corn meal agar in culture and what is formed on it
candida form chlamydospores on this agar
152
culture of Candida
nutrient agar
corn meal agar
SDA
153
the three properties that differentiate c.albicans from candida
Germ tube formation
chlamydospore
ferment glucose and maltose
154
react with Lancifield group D antisera?
Enteroccoci (facealis and faecium)
155
is positive pyrazine amidase test
Enterococci
156
They can grow in presence of bile and hydrolyze the
polysaccharide esculin (bile- esculin-positive)
Enterococci
157
bile esculin positive
enterococci
158
enterococci causes
* nosocomial infections in intensive care units
* urinary tract infections due to catheters
* can be trasmitted by hands
* endocarditis to patients has GIT or UT surgery
* pelvic and intra-peritoneal infections with anaaerobes as peritonitis, choleycystitis, prostatis and wound infection
* meningitis and bacteremia in neonates
159
treatment of Enterococci
* combined penicillin and aminglycosides
* Vancomycin for treatment of penicillin resistant strains
*
160
strains of enterococci is the important cause of nosocomial infections
vancomycin resistant enterococci
161
the most important anaerobic pathogen and its inhabitant and the commonest strain and causes what?
* Bacteroids
* intestinal tract and female geneital tract
* B. fragilis
* Abscess formation in the lesions and all lesions below the diphragm associated with bacteremia
162
what you see in case of actinomycosis
sulfur granules by naked eye examination of pus
163
what you see in case of prevotella infection
red fluoresence under UV light
164
Vincent angina are caused by ?
Fusobacteria and spirochetes
165
what is example of anaerobic culture
Gaspak system
166
Causes bacterial vaginosis
Gardnerella vaginalis
| with association of anaerobic bcateria (Mobilluncus)
167
Detection of "clue cells" which are epithelial cells coated with gram variable cocco-bacilli in vaginal or cervical swabs in?
Gardnerella Vaginalis
168
whiff test positive in
Gradnerella Vaginalis
169
amsels criteria are used to diagnose
bacterial vaginosis caused by Gardnerella Vaginalis
1. foul smelling of discharge
2. detection of clue cells which are epithelial cells coated by gram variable cocco-bacilli
3. whiff test positive
4. vaginal pH is moe than 4.5
170
# Morphology
lactobacilli are
obligate anaerobic gram positive bacilli
171
Lactobacilli are normal microbiota of
mouth, colon, vagina
172
in mouth causes dental caries
Lactobacilli
173
in vagina, has a beneficial protective effect by production of lactic acid making pH of vagina low and inhibits colonization of the vagina
Lactobacilli
174
supression of lactobacilli by antibiotics leads to
superinfection with candida. albicans resulting in candida vaginitis
175
causes outbreaks of gastroentritis in school, ships, camps etc
Norwalk virus
176
it is member of caliciviridae family
Norwalk virus
177
causes in mouth white patches and identify this condition
candida
oral thrush or moniliasis
178
causes gastroentritis
Norwalk virus
179
considered from yeast cells
candida
## Footnote
Large oval gram positive budding yeast cells with pseudohyphae
180
# identify
1. phenylalanine deaminase positive
2. pyrazine amidase test
1. Proteus/M.Morgani/P.rettgeri
2. Enterococci
181
the family that has the ability to establish latent infections
Herpes Virus family
182
susceptible to antiviral chemotherapy
herpes virus family
182
susceptible to antiviral chemotherapy
herpes virus family
182
susceptible to antiviral chemotherapy
herpes virus family
183
susceptible to antiviral chemotherapy
herpes virus family
184
susceptible to antiviral chemotherapy
herpes virus family
185
herpes family virus are
1. herpes simplex virus
2. varicela zoster virus
3. cytomegalovirus
4. Epstein Barr virus
5. HH6
6. HH7
7. HH8
186
causes kaposi sarcoma virus
HH8
187
what is kaposi sarcoma
is a vasocutaneous multifocal tumor
188
how kaposi sarcoma virus is diagnosed?
The viral DNA is found in tumour cells and can be detected in biopsy specimens by PCR
189
how HH8 caues kaposi sarcoma
It causes malignant transformation by
inactivation of the Rb (retinoblastoma) tumour suppressor gene.
190
inactivates retinoblastoma tumor suppressor gene
Human Herpes 8
191
how HH8 is transmitted?
is transmitted sexually or in transplanted organ
192
what caused by HH6?
Childhood rash
roseola infantum associated with lymphadenoopathy, sore throat and fever
193
causes roseola infantum
HH6
194
infects T lymphocytes
HH6
HH7
195
infects CD4 lymphocytes
HH7
196
the herpes virus has
1. nucleocapsid is surrounded by envelope , which is derived from the nuclear membrane of the infected cells
2. glycoprotein spikes
197
# mode of infection
HSV 1
HSV 2
HSV 1: by contact or droplets of infected saliva
HSV 2: sexually or new born baby during birth
198
Clinicall picture of herpes simplex virus
primary infection
latent infection
reactivation
199
Primary infections of HSV
*It is commonly occurs in children 2-4 years of age or
newborn infants can contract the infection from the birth canal or in utero.
*HSV multiplies locally in the mucous membrane or
abraded skin causing cytolysis, necrosis, ballooning,
multinucleated giant cell formation and intranuclear
inclusion bodies in infected cells
*Cell fusion provides cell-to-cell spread of HSV, even in the presence of neutralizing antibodies*Clinical manifestations are vesicular lesions, which may change to shallow ulcers
*Scabs form and lesions heal without scarring
*Most primary infections are asymptomatic
*Those due to HSV-1 occur during childhood, while
HSV-2 infections occur mainly at the age of sexual
activity
200
Primary infections of HSV
It is commonly occurs in children 2-4 years of age or
newborn infants can contract the infection from the birth canal or in utero.
HSV multiplies locally in the mucous membrane or
abraded skin causing cytolysis, necrosis, ballooning,
multinucleated giant cell formation and intranuclear
inclusion bodies in infected cells
Cell fusion provides cell-to-cell spread of HSV, even in the presence of neutralizing antibodiesClinical manifestations are vesicular lesions, which may change to shallow ulcers
Scabs form and lesions heal without scarring
Most primary infections are asymptomatic
Those due to HSV-1 occur during childhood, while
HSV-2 infections occur mainly at the age of sexual
activity**
201
HSV migrates to the neurons in which phase
latent infection
202
in latent infection the HSV 1 and 2 and VZV migrate to
HSV-1 to tigmeminal ganglia
HSV-2 to sacral ganglia
VZV to dorsal root ganglia
203
clinical syndromes of reactivation HSV
1- Gingivostomatitis
2- Herpes labialis (fever
blisters)
3- Keratoconjunctivitis
4- Encephalitis
5- Meningitis
6- Disseminated
infections
7-Herpetic whitlow
8- Genital herpes
9- Neonatal herpes
204
1- Gingivostomatitis
*It is due to HSV-1
*Primary infection occurs in children and is characterized by vesicular lesions in the mouth accompanied by fever, malaise and myalgia
*In adults it causes pharyngotonsillitis
205
2- Herpes labialis (fever blisters)
*It is caused by HSV-1, characterized by crops of
vesicles at the mucocutaneous junction of the lips or
nose
*Recurrences occur at the same site
206
crops of vesicles at the mucocutaneous junction of the lips of nose
Herpes labialis caused by HSV-1
207
causes phrayngotonsilitis
gingivostomatitis caused by HSV-1
208
Causes keratoconjunctivitisa and can lead to
HSV-1
corneal ulcer and blindness
209
# which type
1- Gingivostomatitis
2- Herpes labialis (fever
blisters)
3- Keratoconjunctivitis
4- Encephalitis
5- Meningitis
6- Disseminated
infections
7-Herpetic whitlow
8- Genital herpes
9- Neonatal herpes
1. HSV 1
2. HSV 1
3. HSV 1
4. HSV 1
5. HSV 1 & 2
6. HSV 1 & 2
7. pustular lesion on fingers 1&2//eczema herpetic 1
8. HSV 2
9. HSV 1 & 2
210
pustulator lesion on the fingers of medical staff
Herpetic whitlow
caused by HSV 1&2
211
Eczema herpeticum caused by
HSV 1
212
from herpes diseases associated with lymphadenopathy?
genital herpes
HH6 also causes lymphadenopathy
213
what to make to avoid neonatal herpes
Cesarean section
214
# lesions
Genital herpes
Vesiculo. ulcerative lesions
215
complications of neonatal herpes
The most serious infection is disseminated disease of the newborn including meningitis or encephalitis
216
Diagnosis of HSV
1- Tzanck smear
2- Detection of viral antigens or viral DNA
3- A rapid diagnosis of encephalitis can be made by detecting HSV DNA in CSF by PCR.
4- Isolation of the virus from herpetic lesions.
5- Serologic diagnosis
217
Diagnosed by using Tzank smear
HSV
218
what is tzanck smear
used in diagnosis of HSV
scarping from base of skin stained by giemsa
detection of multinucleated giant cells (Tzanck cells)
219
rapid diagnosis in HSV is used to
diagnose encephalitis by detecting HSV DNA in CSF by PCR
220
VZV infection is transmitted by
respiratory droplets or contact
incubation period 10-21 days
221
pathogenesis of VZV
multiplies in the mucosa of the respiratory tract then
it spreads via the blood to the skin causing the typical
rash, which evolves from papules to vesicles, pustules,
and finally crusts
222
a sporadic incapacitating disease
Zoster (shingles)
223
the immunity reduced in the reactivation of the latent VZV
cell mediated immunity
224
active immunization of VZV and given as?
Varivax and Zostervax
subcutaneous injection
225
the live attenuated vaccine that prevents varicella but not zoster
Varivax
226
live attenuated vaccine that is given to 60 year or older to reduce getting zoster
Zostavax
227
The virus affects the sensory nerves and ganglia leading to severe pain in the area of skin supplied by these nerves, and then crops of vesicles appear over the skin supplied by the affected nerves
Zoster virus
228
the virus that caused the infected cells to enlarged
Cytomegalovirus
229
transmitted in breast milk
Cytomegalovirus
230
cytomegalovirus is transmitted and excreted in
urine, saliva, semen, breast milk, and cervical secretions, transplacentally, sexually, blood transfusion, and organ transplant
231
heterophile antibodies positive
Epstein Barr Virus
232
causes restenosis to coronary artery angioplasty
CMV
| cause proliferation of cells of the smooth muscles leading to restenosis
233
causes infectious mononucleosis like syndrome
CMV in normal host
234
Clinical forms of CMV in normal host
1. asymptomatic latent infection persisting in leukocytes and kidneys and intermittent virus shedding in saliva and urine may occur
2. Infectious mononucleosis like syndrome
3. Restenosis of coronary anioplasty
235
Congenital infections of Cytomegalovirus
1. causes abortion, still birth, or cytomegalic inclusion disease
2. congenital anomalies if infected in the first trimeter as blindness, deafness, mental retardation, and microcephaly , hepatospleenomegaly, purpura
3. subclinical infection if infected perianal from birth canal or from breast milk
236
Diagnosis of Cytomegalovirus
1- Detection of intranuclear cytomegalic inclusions, which are oval "owl's-eye" shape in tissues or in desquamated cells in the urine
2- Detection of CMV nucleic acids in tissues or body fluids e.g. blood, CSF and amniotic fluid by PCR, which is also used to determine the viral load.
3- Isolation of virus from throat washings and urine.
4- Detection of IgM or rising titre of IgG in congenitally
infected infants is diagnostic
237
owl eye shape in tissues indicate diagnosis of?
Cytomegalovirus
238
the causative agent of infectious mononucleosis
EB virus
239
infects B cells
Epstien Barr virus
240
causes infectious mononucleosis
EBV
241
causes Paul Bunnel test kits
EBV
242
hetophiles antibodies of EBV agglutinate on
Sheep RBCs
243
causes ophthalmia neonaturum
N. Gonorrhea
244
morphology of E. coli
gram negative bacilli
245
E.coli strain prodyce hemolysis in blood agar
strains causing urinary tract infection
246
Serotype 0157:H7 cause
haemorrhagic colitis
247
strains usually possess capsular antigen Kl
strains the causes neonatal meningitis
248
produce hyaluronidase
Treponemma P
249
Diagnosis of T. pallidum
I- Detection of spirochaetes in the lesion:
a- Dark-ground microscope
b-Direct immunofluorescence
c- PCR
Il-Serologic diagnosis:
a - Non-treponemal antigen tests:
1- Venereal Disease Research Laboratory (VDRL) test
2- Rapid Plasma Reagin (RPR)
3- Toluidine red unhealed serum test (TRUST)
b- Treponemal antigen tests:
1- Fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption (FTA- ABS) test:
2- Treponema pallidum haemagglutination (TP-HA) test:
3- Treponema pallidum-particle agglutination (TP-PA) test:
4- Enzyme immunoassays (EIA)
250
Detection of spirochaetes in the lesion
serous exudate collected from the chancre in primary stages or from the skin eruptions and mucous patches in secondary stages
251
Non-treponemal antigen tests:
1- Venereal Disease Research Laboratory (VDRL) test
2- Rapid Plasma Reagin (RPR)
3- Toluidine red unhealed serum test (TRUST)
252
Treponemal antigen tests:
1- Fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption (FTA- ABS) test:
2- Treponema pallidum haemagglutination (TP-HA) test:
3- Treponema pallidum-particle agglutination (TP-PA) test:
4- Enzy me immunoassays (EIA)
253
It is a flocculation test in which particles of cardiolipin
form visible clumps when combined with reagin
antibodies in serum, or in CSF in neurosyphilis
Venereal Disease Research Laboratory (VDRL) test
| It is read by the microscope
254
It is as VDLR another flocculation test performed on plasma but is read by the naked eye.
Rapid plasma Reagin RPR
255
test used for
screening and for epidemiologic purposes
The non-treponemal antigen tests
256
test used to evaluate the effect of treatment
non-treponemal antigen tests
257
tests remain positive for life even after effective treatment
Treponemal antigen tests
258
# test
ability of antibodies in syphilitic patients'
sera to bring about agglutination of sheep red blood cells
Treponema pallidum haemagglutination (TP-HA) test
259
# test
indirect immunofluorescence test in which the
patient's serum is layered on killed treponema fixed to a slide.
Fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption (FTA- ABS) test
260
# test
Gelatin particles are coated with T. pallidum antigens then agglutinated with serum to give a mat of agglutinated particles
TP particle agglutination
261
causes neonatal sepsis in premature infants
Ureaplasma urealyticum
262
They grow on special media enriched with serum and other ingredients that provide sterols and nucleic acid precursors
M. PNEUMONIAE
263
has fried egg appearance
M. PNEUMONIAE
264
detect IgM or a rising titre of IgG by
ELISA or complement fixation in
Chlamydiae pneumonia
Mycoplasma pneumonia
Congenital syphilis
Ophthalmia neonaturum by N. Gono
Neonatal herpes
Congenital varicella
Cytomegalovirus
Parvo transplacentally
265
Detection of cold agglutinin
M. pneumonia
266
diagnose by using autoantibodies against type
O red cells that agglutinate these cells
M. pneumonia
267
C, albican cause in mouth??
produce white patches
oral thrush
moniliasis
268
c. albicans cause in nails?
painful redness, and swelling of nails foldings, thickness, and loss of nail
**paronychia**
269
cause paronychia?
C. albicans
270
cause oral thrush?
C. albicans
271
cause moniliasis?
C. albicans
272
Cultures of C. albicans
nutrient agar, corn meal agar and SDA
273
enterococci transmitted by ?
by hands from patient to patient
274
cause 10% of cases of endocarditis in patients who have undergone GIT or urinary tract surgery or instrumentation
enterococci
275
Lactobacillus cause in mouth
dental caries
276
the only parvovirus that causes human disease
Parvovirus B19
277
parvovirus B19 is transmitted by?
respiratory route, transplacental or by blood transfusion.
278
diseases caused by parvovirus B19
1. Erythema infectiosum in children
2. arthritis in adults
**Deposition of immune complexes contributes to the pathogenesis of the rash in children and
arthritis in adults.**
3. aplastic crisis in sickle anemia patients
4. chronic anemia in immunosuppresed patients
**B19 virus preferentially infects and kills the immature red blood cell precursors in the bone marrow.**
5. fetal death due to heart falure from severe anemia
279
causes erythema infectiosum
Parvovirus B19
280
causes aplastic crisis in sickle cell anemia patients
Parvovirus B19
281
causes hydrops foetalis
Parvovirus B19
282
causes chronic anemia in AIDs patients
parvovirus B19
283
causes fifth disease
causes sixth disease
parvovirus B19
HH6
284
morphology of herpes virus
double stranded DNA, icosahedral
285
causes multinucleated giant cell formation and intranuclear inclusion bodies in infected cells
HSV
Varicella
286
Epstein Barr virus is transmitted by
infected saliva
287
pathogenesis of EBV
* EBV is transmitted by infected saliva, and blood tranfusion
* Infection starts in the oropharynx then spreads to the blood where the virus infects B lymphocytes
* Cytotoxic T lymphocytes react against infected B cells, change in morphology and appear as **atypical T
lymphocytes in the peripheral blood**
288
cause T lymphocyte to apear as atypical T lymphocytes
EBV
289
Xlinked lymphoprohferative syndrome
EBV
290
has a fishy odour
has grape like smell
proteus
pseudomonas
291
causes corneal ulcer in contacct lens users
pseudomonas
292
antigens of the Epstein Barr Virus
1. viral capsid antigen
2. membrane antigen
3. nuclear antigen
4. early antigen
293
antigen of EBV which neutralizing
protective antibodies are formed
viral membrance antigen
294
serologic diagnosis of HSV: detection rise of antibodies titre may be useful in?
Primary infection
295
Clinical forms of CMV in immunocompromised host
CMV causes pneumonia, retinitis, graft rejection or disseminated disease
296
causes graft rejection
CMV
297
causes retinitis
CMV
298
causes ecthyma gangrenosum
pseudomonas
299
test uses fluorescein labelled antihuman gamma globulin
FTA ABS
300
blacken the triple sugar iron
proteus
