pathology

Question 1

pathology definition

Answer 1

the study of the causes and effects of diseases

Question 2

why is pathology important

Answer 2

make correct diagnosis
give correct treatment
understand systemic diseases
advise and educate patients

Question 3

aetiology

Answer 3

cause(s) of a diseases

Question 4

morphology

Answer 4

phenotypic changes associated with a disease

Question 5

pathogenesis

Answer 5

the progressive changes as a disease develops

Question 6

sequalae

Answer 6

what happens nex? eh treatment

Question 7

pathogenicity

Answer 7

the ability of a pathogen to cause disease

Question 8

what diseases are linked to periodontitis?

Answer 8

diabetes , obesity
rheumatoid arthritis
Chronic kidney disease
alzheimer’s
liver disease etc

Question 9

surgical sieve definition

Answer 9

refers to a differential diagnosis in which the clinician must distinguish symptoms of a particular disease or condition from others that present similar clinical features

Question 10

commensal

Answer 10

organism that is part of the normal flora, does not cause disease

Question 11

pathogenicity and virulence definition

Answer 11

pathogenicity is the ability to cause disease
virulence is the ability to cause severe disease

Question 12

what is part of the innate immune system

Answer 12

tear lysozyme
mucus
skin
stomach acids
fatty acids
intestinal flora
urinary flushing
cells of the immune system

Question 13

endogenous vs exogenous infection

Answer 13

endogenous - infected by our own microbe from our own flora

exogenous - pathogen enters body from environment

Question 14

Koch postulate 1890 (Germ theory of disease)

Answer 14

4 points

1 microbe found in diseased not healthy individuals
2 cultured from diseased individual
3 reintroduced and reproduced by new susceptible host
4 compared and matched to original microbe

Question 15

host protection from urinary tract infections

Answer 15

flushing action of urine, urine contains Tamm-Horsfall protein

Question 16

capsular function of encapsulated infections (bacteria or fungus that have capsules)

Answer 16

mediate adhesion
immune evasion
protection from moisture loss
reserve of carbs
smooth colonies have increased virulence

Question 17

3 components of LPS

Answer 17

lipid A
O-polysaccharides (o-antigen)
core

Question 18

what causes toxic shock

Answer 18

LPS

Question 19

lethal bacterial proteins

Answer 19

botulinum
tetanus
shigella toxin
diphtheria

Question 20

is exotoxin or endotoxin more potent

Answer 20

exotoxin more potent and often fatal

Question 21

Colonization

Answer 21

Microbes find a new host and start to multiply

Question 22

What do bacterial exotoxins do

Answer 22

Transmit signals to the inside of host

Pass thru host cell membrane and kill cell (cytotoxins) or deregulate cell functions (dysregulation)

Pore forming
Damage membrane

Extracellular action on connective tissue (tissue lysis)

Superantugens (stimulate excessive immune response, inflammation)

Question 23

Is endo or exotoxin a protein

Answer 23

Exotoxins is a protein
Endotoxin is a lipopolysaccharide

Question 24

Can endotoxin be denatured by boiling

Answer 24

No.

Question 25

Progression of inflammation steps

Answer 25

Initiation - response to agent
Progression - containment
Amplification - modulation of immune response
Resolution - acute inflammation favourable outcome leads to healing
Failure to resolve - chronic inflammation

Question 26

What does LPS cause

Answer 26

Inflammatory cytokines release from macrophages, stimulating release of prostaglandins and leucotrienes that causes vasodilation. Decrease in TPR, results in hypotension, shocks

Question 27

Function of the flagella

Answer 27

Chemotaxis and penetration of mucus