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Pathology and immunity > Cell injury and neoplasia and growth disorders > Flashcards

Cell injury and neoplasia and growth disorders Flashcards

1
Q

reversible vs nonrevesible cell injury

A

reversible - return to normal and/ or adapt to environment

irreversible - permanent damage that results in death

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2
Q

what happens to a cell when it has a reversible injury

A

appear as cloudy swelling and fatty change

cells undergoes:
blebbing,
disruption to aerobic respi,
plasma membrane damaged,
enzyme, dna and protein synthesis damage

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3
Q

why does a cell appear to have cloudy swelling? think about atp pumps

A

loss of ATP so the sodium potassium pumps are inactive, unable to pump out sodium and maintain fluid homeostasis, influx of water, cell appear pale and swollen

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4
Q

what is fatty change

A

disrupted lipid metabolism so accumulation of lipid vacuoles in cytoplasm because triglycerides cannot be released from the cell

usually in liver

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5
Q

what determines if a cell can adapt or if it undergoes cell death

A

1 dose intensity/type and severity of injury and

2 cell vulnerability

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6
Q

name 3 CAUSEs of cell injury

A

hypoxia

hypersensitivity - inflammation damages cell

chemical agents/drugs

physical agent eg UV or mechanical trauma

infections ie viral or bacterial

genetic defects - sickle cell anemia, cancer

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7
Q

what can asbestos cause?

A

chemical agent
occupational hazard
can cause mesothelioma, disruption of cell membranes and proteins

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8
Q

necrosis definition

A

necrosis is
unrprogrammed cell death due to irreversible injury

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9
Q

what happens to a cell when it undergoes necrosis

A

violent blebbing
protein denaturation
lysosomal digestion
cell membrane dirsupted
inflmmatroy response

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10
Q

does apoptosis show inflmmation

A

no

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11
Q

diference in size of cell in apoptosis and necrosis

A

apoptosis-shrink
necrosis- enlarged

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12
Q

what happens to the nucleus in apoptosis

A

chromatin condensation, nucelus fragments into nucleosome size fragments, phagosytosed

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13
Q

does the cell membrane stay intact during apoptosis

A

yes

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14
Q

what happens to the nucleus during necrosis

A

pyknosis - nucleus shrinks
karyorrhexis - nucelus fragments
karyolysis - nucleus gone

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15
Q

what does the cytoplasm appear as in cell necrosis

A

pale and pink

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16
Q

nuclei tells you whether the cells died and the cytoplasm tells you how the cells have died

A
17
Q

what happens if remains are not removed in necrotic cells

A

calcium salt deposition

18
Q

does apoptosis require energy?

A

yes

19
Q

deletion of self reactive lymphocytes in the thymus is what type of cell death

A

apoptosis

20
Q

what does the cytoplasm look like in coagulative necrosis + cause

A

firm in texture because no enzymes to degrade tissues

cells digested by white blood cells

tissue architecture is preserved but cellular components destroyed, usually due to hypoxia

21
Q

what does the cytoplasm look like in liquefactive necrosis

A

liquid viscous state of tissue and thick yellow PUS

enzymes hydrolyze tissues

bacterial/fungal infections/ strong acids/alkali

22
Q

what does the cytoplasm look like in caeseous necrosis

A

cheese like appearance , yellow

mass apoptosis

usually in TB

23
Q

what does the cytoplasm look like in fat necrosis

A

fat cells broken down by enzymes eg. lipase, fat destruction, saponified

24
Q

what does the cytoplasm look like in fibrinoid necrosis

A

the inside lining of your blood vessels becomes damaged

antigen-antibody complexes deposited in artery walls with fibrin

25
Q

what does the cytoplasm look like in gangrenous necrosis

A

coagulative + liquefactive

usually at hands or feet

26
Q

what is amyloid

A

it is a abnormal, misfolded protein composed of self proteins but not recognised by our immune system and therefore causes an immune response

build up of amyloids cause organs to not function properly

27
Q

endo vs exo pigmentation

A

melanin, bilirubin, brown colour - endo

carbon deposition, tattoos, metal salts, drugs - exo

28
Q

serum calcium normal, necrotic tissue

A

dystrophic calcification

29
Q

where do abnormal substances accumulate in the cell

A

cytoplasm or nucleus

30
Q

which amyloid subset is related to alzheimer’s disease?

A

Amyloid-beta

31
Q

what colour does amyloid stain

A

pink with h&e

congo red

32
Q

what stimulates amyloid deposition at organs

A

chronic inflmmation, myelomas, ageing, drugs

33
Q

what is a myeloma

A

a type of blood cancer that develops from cells in the bone marrow called plasma cells.`

34
Q

raised serum calcium, vital living tissue

A

metastatic calcification

35
Q

metaplasia vs dysplasia

A

conversion from one type of cell into another; reversible - metaplasia

presence of abnormal cells; irreversible - dysplasia

Pathology and immunity (10 decks)

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