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Pathology and immunity > Innate And Adaptive > Flashcards

Innate And Adaptive Flashcards

1
Q

What are PRRs

A

Pathogen recognition receptors

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2
Q

What do PRRs recognise

A

PAMPs pathogen associated molecular patterns

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3
Q

What does CXCL8 do?

A

It is a chemokine that attracts NEUTROPHILS and naive T cells

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4
Q

What are the non professional immune cells

A

Fibroblasts and epithelial cells

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5
Q

What is produced by the oral epithelium that protects the mouth

A

Antimicrobial peptides like defensins, human neutrophil peptides, cathelicidns, psoriasin)

Lysozymes
Lactoferrin
Secretory IgA
Cystatins
Peroxidase

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6
Q

What do antimicrobial peptides do (function)

A

Directly kill microbes (by rupturing membranes or inhibiting intracellar function of bacteria causing lysis)

Modulate host immunity to recruit more immune cells or neutralise bacterial products to suppress inflammation etc

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7
Q

Secretory IgA function

A

Adsorb onto the saliva to form protective layer, preventing microbes from adhering to oral mucosa

Bond and Neutralise pathogens

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8
Q

Lysozyme function

A

Targets cell walls of bacteria

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9
Q

Cystatins function

A

Promote remineralisation
Anti-protease activity

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10
Q

Function of pathogen recognition receptors

A

Promote phagocytosis of microbes
Promote activation of immune cells

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11
Q

Where is TLR2 (TLR6 heterodimer) found on and what does it recognise

A

It is found on monocytes, dendritic cells, mast cells, eosinophils, basophils

It recognises lipoteichoic acids in gram positive bacteria
Bacteria
Fungi ‘
mycobacterium
Lipoproteins

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12
Q

What does TLR4 recognise and where is it found on

A

TLR4 present on macrophages dendritic cells mast cells eosinophils

Recognises LPS (gram negative bacteria)
Recognises lipoteichoic acids (gram positive bacteria )

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13
Q

What do dectin and glucan receptors recognise

A

Fungi

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14
Q

What do NOD-like receptors recognise

A

Bacterial

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15
Q

What do protease-activated receptors recognise

A

Microbial and allergen recognition

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16
Q

Functions of cytokines

A

Cytokines are chemical messengers that signal to other immune cells to coordinate an immune response

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17
Q

What immune cells is most abundant at the oral mucosa

A

Neutrophils

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18
Q

What is the function of cell adhesion molecules

A

They control the interaction between immune cells and epithelial cells, promote cell cell interactions, important for immune tracking

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19
Q

What are the three main families of cell adhesion molecules

A

Selectins
Integrins
Immunoglobulin superfamily

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20
Q

Is M1 or M2 proinflmmtory

A

M1 is pro
M2 is anti

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21
Q

Where are cell adhesion molecules found

A

Cell surface receptors on endothelial cel,s

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22
Q

What is opsonization

A

Coating of pathogen with antibodies or complement proteins

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23
Q

C3 and C5 convertase

A

Proteins involved in the pathway , destroy the C3 and C5 proteins to obtain fragments which are anaphylatoxins

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24
Q

Anaphylatoxins function

A

Lead to smooth muscle contraction and capillary leakage to allow infiltration of immune cells to site of infection

Promote immune cell recruitment

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25
Q

3 Receptors involved in adaptive immunity

A

T cell receptors (TCR)
B cell receptors (immunoglobulins/i\Ig-)
MHC proteins (major histocompatibility complex)

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26
Q

What is the difference between innate receptors and adaptive receptors

A

Adaptive receptors can specialise and alter genes to develop a repertoire of receptors with wide specificity

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27
Q

What does CD8 corecptor bind to

A

MHC1

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28
Q

What does CD4 coereceptor bind to

A

MHC2

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29
Q

What is MHC proteins

A

MHC molecules are self molecules

MHC proteins on self cells tell T cell whether this is our own body cell or a pathogen

T cells receptors can only recognise Peptide antigens

Peptide antigens are MHC-peptide complexes

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30
Q

What are the components of the T cell receptors

A

Alpha and beta chains

Very small proportion are gamma and delta chains

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31
Q

What are the three gene segments that encode the variable region of TCRs

A

TCRs have constant and variable region

Variable region made up of
Variable
Diversity
Joining

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32
Q

Which gene segment in the variable Region of a TCR has both alpha and beta chains

A

Variable and joining

33
Q

Which gene segment that encoded the variable region in a TCR only had beta chain involvement

A

Diversity section

34
Q

In relation to TCR, what is the name of the process where genes are rearranged

A

Somatic recombination

35
Q

What is the name of the enzyme that drives somatic recombination

A

RAG enzyme aka recombinase

36
Q

What is selection in the development of T cells

A

Non-selection, positive and negative selection

It refers to whether the naive T cells pass the checks and are able to recognise self cells before being allowed to differentiate into specific T cells

37
Q

What is positive selection

A

If the naive T cell can recognise and bind to the MHC proteins, it can survive

Binding is not too strong or weak

38
Q

What is negative selection

A

When the naive T cells bind too strongly or weakly to self peptide, apoptosis

39
Q

Until when are T cells considered mature?

A

T cells are classed as naive until they recognise and bind to an antigen

40
Q

What does signal 1 2 3 each mean for T cell differentiation?

A

Signal 1 determines whether T cells can be activated (ie does TCR recognise and bind to MHC)

Signal 2 is the survival and colonial expansion of T cells

Signal 3 is the differentiation into subsets of T cells

(1) anti- gen recognition, (2) costimulation, and (3) cytokine- mediated differentiation and expansion

41
Q

What is special about signal 3 for cytotoxic T cells (CD8+ T cells)

A

Effects are production of perforins and granzymes

42
Q

Anergy meaning

A

Signal 1 but no signal 2

43
Q

What are the two B cell receptors

A

IgD and IgM

44
Q

B cells can produce 5 different types of antibodies

A

IgG E D M A

45
Q

Most abundant antibody

A

IgG

46
Q

Structure of B cell receptors

A

Light and heavy chain (instead of alpha and beta chains)
Variable and constant region

47
Q

B cells mature in the periphery ie spleen

A
48
Q

Does heavy or light chain involve VDJ

A

Heavy involves V D J
Light invokes V J

49
Q

What is the B cell receptor on immature B cells

A

IgM

50
Q

What is the B cell receptors on mature B cells

A

IgM and IgD

51
Q

Function of IgG

A

Class switching from IgM to IgG, most abundant

52
Q

Function of IgA

A

Protection at mucosal barrier surfaces

53
Q

Function of igE

A

Type 1 Hypersensitivity and allergic reactions, involves basophils and mast cells

54
Q

Does B cell undergo negative and positive seletkon

A

No only negative

55
Q

What is negative B cell selection (central tolerance response)

A

B cells that bond too strongly to self antigens are eliminated

56
Q

3 main Functions of antibodies

A

neutralization

activate the complement system to destroy bacterial cells by lysis

opsonization

57
Q

Where are B cells activated

A

Secondary lymphoid organs like Lymph nodes and spleen

58
Q

What activates B cells from naive to mature

A

Thymus dependent antigens and thymus independent antigens

59
Q

In thymus dependent antigen activation, what T cell and B cell receptor interacts with each other

A

CD40 on B cell recognises CD40L on T cell

The cytokines released from T cells induce proliferation of B cells into memory and plasma cells

60
Q

In Thymus independent antigen activation, what activates B cells

A

Certain antigens like LPS (TLR4)

61
Q

Does thymus independent activation lead to the generation of memory cells?

A

No memory cells
only plasma cells

62
Q

Why does IgM class switch to IgG

A

IgM has a weak response

IgM has a Low affinity but high avidity
IgG has a high affinity (strong binding) but Low avidity (only 2 binding sites)

63
Q

Why can IgM class switch to IgG?

A

Because class switching doesn’t affect the antigen binding site, still can recognise the same antigens

64
Q

Affinity of antibodies

A

Strength of bonding of single antibody to antigen

65
Q

Avidity of antibodies

A

Ability of antibodies to form complexes

66
Q

Germinal centres

A

Hubs in lymph nodes where T and B cells cross talk

67
Q

Central tolerance

A

Thymus and bone marrow (primary lymphoid organs)

Positive and negative selection

68
Q

Peripheral tolerance if T and B cells manage to bypass central tolerance mechanisms

A

Need all three signals for T cells
T regs also block activity

B cells do not differentiate and proliferate because no T cells to release cytokines

69
Q

3 complement pathways

A

Classic
Alternative
Mannose binding lectin MBL

70
Q

What are IgD and IgM

A

B cell receptors

71
Q

What are IgM and IgG

A

Type 2 hypersensitivity

72
Q

What activates the classical, alternative and MBL pathway?

A

Classical - binding of antibody to bacterial surface
Alternative- binding of c3b to microbial cell wall
MBL- binding of complement protein to carbohydrate

73
Q

Where do dendritic cells take up and process antigens in the body

A

Epidermis

74
Q

Where do mature dendritic cells reside

A

Lymph nodes , settling in T cells areas

75
Q

Do NK cells have granules

A

Yes

76
Q

Where are ILCs found

A

Innate lymphoid cells are found mostly at mucosa, barrier surfaces

Oral mucosal barrier harbours all ILC subsets

77
Q

Structure of IgA

A

Dimeric

78
Q

Which cells produces CXCL8/IL8

A

Professional - monocytes and macrophages

Non prof - epithelial endothelial fibroblasts

79
Q

What sort of biological molecule are anaphylatoxins

A

Glycoproteins

Pathology and immunity (10 decks)

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