pathology

Question 1

what is the auditory meatus and external canal lined by

Answer 1

epidermis (stratified squamous)

Question 2

what is the middle ear lined by

Answer 2

columnar lined mucosa

Question 3

what does the inner ear contain

Answer 3

the cochlea and vestibular apparatus

Question 4

what is the throat lined with

Answer 4

rspiratory or squamous epithelium

Question 5

what are the two components of salivary glands

Answer 5

acinar component and ductular component

Question 6

what cells in salivary glands

Answer 6

serous cells - contain digestive enzymes

myoepithelial cells

Question 7

what are the ducts of salivary glands lines by

Answer 7

columnar/cuboidal epithelium

Question 8

what is otitis media

Answer 8

inflammation of middle ear

• usually in children
• usually viral

Question 9

what is cholesteatoma

Answer 9

a skin-lined cyst that begins at the margin of the eardrum and invades the middle ear and mastoid

Question 10

what does cholesteatoma look like macroscopically

Answer 10

pearly white mass

Question 11

what are majority of tumours

Answer 11

squamous cells carcinomas

Question 12

cause of tumours

Answer 12

mostly chronic inflammation or radiation

Question 13

name some ear tumours

Answer 13

• ceruminous adenoma

- meningioma

Question 14

what is a vestibular shwannoma

Answer 14

a benign tumor that develops on the balance (vestibular) and hearing, or auditory (cochlear) nerves leading from your inner ear to the brain

Question 15

what is infective rhinitis

Answer 15

common cold

Question 16

what is allergic rhinitis

Answer 16

hayfever

-IgE type 1 hypersensitivity

Question 17

what are nasal polyps

Answer 17

if in young consider cystic fibrosis
common
caused by - allergy, infection, asthma, aspirin sensitivity, nickel exposure

Question 18

what are nasal polyps lines by

Answer 18

respiratory or squamous epithelium

Question 19

what is granulomatosis with polyangiitis

Answer 19

autoimmune disorder of unknown aetiology

• small vessel vasculitis and necrosis
• usually limited to respiratory tract and kidneys

Question 20

what is granulomatosis with polyangitis characterised by

Answer 20

ANCA positive

Question 21

name some benign ear tumours

Answer 21

• squamous cell papillomas
• sinonasal papillomas
• angiofibromas

Question 22

most common malignant tumour

Answer 22

squamous cell carcinoma

Question 23

what are the threee types of sinonasal papillomas

Answer 23

inverted
exophytic
oncocytic

Question 24

who gets sinonasal papillomas

Answer 24

over 50 men

Question 25

causes of sinonasal papillomas

Answer 25

HPV

organic solvents

Question 26

symptoms of sinonasal papilloma

Answer 26

blocked nose

Question 27

where is inverted and oncocytic found

Answer 27

lateral walls and paranasal sinuses

Question 28

where is ecophytic found

Answer 28

nasal septum

Question 29

who gets nasopharyngeal carcinoma

Answer 29

men

Question 30

what does nasopharyngeal carcinoma have a strong association with

Answer 30

epstein barr virus

volatile nitrosamines in food

Question 31

what are the different forms of nasopharyngeal carcinomas

Answer 31

keratinising SCCS
non-keratinising SCC
baseloid SCC

Question 32

are nasopharyngeal carcinomas highly malignant

Answer 32

yes

Question 33

what are laryngeal polyps

Answer 33

reactive chnage in laryngeal mucosa secondary to vocal abuse, infection and smoking

Question 34

where are nodules seen

Answer 34

young women and are bilateral on middle 1/3 to posterior 1/3 on vocal cord

Question 35

what are contact ulcers

Answer 35

benign response to injury

Question 36

what is most common benign disease of larynx

Answer 36

squamous cell papillomas

Question 37

what is squamous cell papillomas of larynx related to

Answer 37

HPV exposure

Question 38

are squamous cell papillomas in larynx aggressive

Answer 38

in children yes

Question 39

what are paragangliomas

Answer 39

tumours arising in clusters of neuroendocrine cells dispersed through body

Question 40

sympathetic paragangliomas

Answer 40

secrete catechol….. google

Question 41

parasympathetic paragangliomas

Answer 41

look at slide

Question 42

features of well differentiated squamous cell carcinomas

Answer 42

epithelial cells with keratinisation and prickle cells

Question 43

whihc type of HPV are most infections from

Answer 43

16

Question 44

what does HPV produce that causes cellular immortality

Answer 44

proteins E6 and E7 which disrupt p53 and RB pathways

Question 45

what is sialolithiasis

Answer 45

stones in salivary glands

Question 46

which salivary gland is most common site for tumours

Answer 46

parotid gland

Question 47

what do you think if painful mass in salivary gland of younger patient

Answer 47

malignant

Question 48

tumours in what salivary glands are most likely malignant

Answer 48

smaller glands

Question 49

who gets pleomorphic adenomas

Answer 49

females in parotid gland

Question 50

who gets warfin’s tumour

Answer 50

males over 50
rare outwith parotid
smoking association

Question 51

mucoepidermoid carcinoma

Answer 51

majority in parotid
any sex
wide age range
associated with MECT1-MAML2 fusion

Question 52

who gets adenoid cystic carcinoma

Answer 52

over 40s
parotid
also palate
-frequent perineural invasion with assoc pain or loss of function
-50-70% 10 year survival