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microbiology Flashcards

1
Q

how many types of herpes simplex virus is there

A

2

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2
Q

type 1 herpes simplex features

A
  • occurs in childhood
  • HSV1 is cause of oral lesions
  • transmitted via infected oral secretions during close contact
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3
Q

what is primary gingivostomatitis

A
  • due to HSV1
  • disease of pre school children
  • primary infection
  • lips, buccal mucosa, hard palate
  • ulcers
  • local lymphadenopathy
  • 3 weeks to recover
  • fever
  • spread beyond mouth
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4
Q

what is used to treat primary gingivostomatitis

A

aciclovir

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5
Q

what causes the cold sores in herpes

A

reactivation from nerves causes active infection

-various stimuli (stress, trauma etc)

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6
Q

what is herpetic whitlow

A

infection of the finger from herpes virus

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7
Q

what is herpes simplex encephalitis

A

complication of herpes

-can cause temporal lobe necrosis

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8
Q

clinical manifestations of herpes

A
  • primary infection
  • asymptomatic
  • oral
  • genital
  • cutaneous
  • ocular
  • neurologic syndromes
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9
Q

what is herpangina

A

characterised by fever and vesicles/ulcers on soft palate

coxsackie virus

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10
Q

what virus causes hand foot and mouth disease

A

coxsackie viruses

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11
Q

what are apthous ulcers

A

non-viral

-recurring painful ulcers of the mouth that are round or ovoid and have inflammatory halos

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12
Q

what is bechet’s disease

A
  • recurrent oral ulcers
  • genital ulcers
  • uveitis
  • common in middle east and asia
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13
Q

what should be suspected if sore throat and lethargy persist into second week if person is 15-25yrs

A

mononucleosis/glandular fever

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14
Q

when should you refer immediately in a sore throat patient

A
  • stridor
  • breathing difficulty
  • clinical dehydration
  • systemically unwell
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15
Q

what is the most common bacterial cause of a sore throat

A

streptococcus pyrogenes

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16
Q

treatment for strep pyrogenes

A

penicillin

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17
Q

clinical presentation of strep pyrogenes

A

acute follicular tonsillitis

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18
Q

complications of strep pyrogenes

A
  • rheumatic fever

- glomerulonephritis

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19
Q

what is the centor criteria for a group A haemolytic strep

A
  • tonsillar exudate
  • tender anterior cervical lymph nodes
  • history of fever
  • absence of cough
20
Q

fever PAIN criteria for group A beta haemolytic strep

A 
FEVER last 24 hours
Purulence
Attend rapidly 
very Inflamed tonsils
No cough

one point each

21
Q

if a patient has a fever pain score of 0 or 1 what happens

A

no antibiotic

22
Q

if fever pain is 2 or 3 what happens

A

consider no antibiotic or a back up antibiotic prescription

23
Q

if feverPAIN 4 or 5 what happens

A

consider immediate antibiotic or back-up antibiotic prescription

24
Q

what is diptheria

A

a serious infection caused by strains of bacteria called Corynebacterium diphtheriae

25
symptoms of diptheria
severe sore throat with a grey white membrane across the pharynx the organism produces a potent exotoxin which is cardiotoxic and neurotoxic
26
treatment for diptheria
- antitoxin and supportive | - penicillin/erythromycin
27
symptoms of glandular fever (infective mononucleosis)
- young adults - fever - enlarged lymph nodes - sore throat - pharyngitis - tonsilitis - malaise - lethargy - jaundice - rash - splenomegaly
28
complications of glandular fever
- anaemia, thrombocytopenia - splenic rupture - upper airway obstruction - increased risk of lymphoma
29
what virus causes glandular fever
epstein-barr
30
treatment for glandular fever
- bed rest - paracetamol - avoid sport - antivirals NOT clinically effective
31
clinical presentation of candida/thrush
white patches on red, raw, mucous membranes in throat/mouth
32
treatment for candida
nystatin - 1ml four times daily for 7 days or until 48 hours after infection has cleared or miconazole 2% oral gel four times daily and continue up to 7 days after infection has cleared or fluconazole 50mg daily for 7 days
33
most common bacteria for infections of the middle ear
- haemophilus influenzae - streptococcus pneumoniae - streptococcus pyrogenes
34
treatment for infections of middle ear
80% resolve in 4 days without antibiotics first line - amoxicillin second line - erythromycin
35
what is otitis externa
inflammation of the outer ear
36
symptoms of otitis externa
- redness and swelling of the skin of the ear canal - may be itchy - can become sore and painful - may be discharge and increased ear wax - hearing could be affected by canal blockage
37
bacterial causes of otitis externa
- staphylococcus aureus - proteus spp - pseudomonas aeruginosa
38
fungal causes of otitis externa
- aspergillus niger | - candida albicans
39
management of otitis externa
- topical aural toilet (clearing the canal) - keep ears clean and dry - avoid damage to external ear canal - only swab and prescribe antibiotics for unresponsive or severe cases)
40
what is malignant otitis externa
an extension of otitis into the bone surrounding the ear canal
41
symptoms and signs of malignant otitis
- pain and headache - granulation tissue at bone - exposed bone in the ear canal - facial nerve palsy
42
investigations for malignant otitis
- plasma viscosity/C-reactive protein - radiological imaging - biopsy and culture to test extent of osteitis
43
risk factors for malignant otitis
diabetes and radiotherapy to head and neck
44
presentation of acute sinusitis
mild discomfort over frontal or maxillary sinuses due to congestion seen in patients with upper respiratory viral infections
45
what indicates secondary bacterial infection in acute sinusitis
severe pain and tenderness with purulent nasal discharge
46
treatment for acute sinusitis
usually resolves in 2.5 weeks for severe/deteriorating cases: -1st line phenoxymethylpenicillin -2nd line doxycycline (not in children)

ENT (26 decks)

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