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ENT > clinical anatomy of ear and taste > Flashcards

clinical anatomy of ear and taste Flashcards

1
Q

what does the pinna (auricle) do?

A

collects soundwaves and funnels them into the external acoustic meatus

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2
Q

function of the tympanic cavity

A

to conduct soundwaves in the air towards the fluid-filled cavities of the inner ear
-bone conduction mechanism of hearing

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3
Q

what are the ossicles of the middle ear

A

malleus
incus
stapes

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4
Q

why do the ossicles decrease in size laterally to medially

A

for amplification

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5
Q

what is the tympanic cavity

A

an air-filled compartment surrounded by bone that is separated from the external ear by a thin tympanic membrane (tympanum)

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6
Q

what type of joints are in the tympanic cavity

A

synovial

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7
Q

what does the tensor tympani muscle do

A
  • runs from the cartilaginous portion of the eustachian tube to handle of malleus
  • dampens sound by reducing vibrations of tympanic membrane
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8
Q

what is the tensor tympani muscle innervated by

A 
CN V3 (occulomotor)
-reduces noise from chewing
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9
Q

what does the strapedius muscle do

A

dampens sound by reducing vibrations of stapes on oval window

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10
Q

what is the strapedius muscle innervated by

A

CN VII

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11
Q

what do the palate muscles do to equalise pressure

A

open the eustachian tube

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12
Q

what happens if atmospheric pressure is more than the tympanic cavity air pressure

A

the tympanic membrane pushed in

-reduced vibration of ossicles and potential for barotrauma

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13
Q

what happens when atmospheric pressure is less than tympanic cavity pressure

A

tympanic membrane pushed out

  • reduced vibration of ossicles
  • potential for barotrauma
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14
Q

what is general sensation of the tympanic cavity mucosa conveyed by

A

CN IX via tympanic plexus

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15
Q

where is the otic capsule located

A

in the temporal bone

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16
Q

what are the two labyrinths

A

bony labyrinth and membranous labyrinth

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17
Q

what is the bony labyrinth similar to

A
  • cavity of otic capsule
  • similar to extracellular fluid
  • filled with perilymph
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18
Q

what is the membranous labyrinth

A

suspended within bony labyrinth

  • similar to intracellular fluid
  • filled with endolymph
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19
Q

how does hearing work

A
  • sound waves make tympanic membrane vibrate
  • vibrations transmitted through ossicles
  • footplate of stapes vibrates in oval window
  • vibration of stapes creates pressure waves in perilymph
  • hair cells in the cochlea are moved, APs stimulated and conveyed to brain by cochlear nerve
  • pressure waves descend and become vibrations again
  • pressure waves are dampened at the round window
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20
Q

what do the receptor hair cells in the organ of corti do

A

detect auditory stimuli

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21
Q

what is the cochlear duct suspended by

A

the spiral ligament

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22
Q

the cochlear duct divides the cochlear canal into what two parts

A
  • scala vestibuli

- scala tympani

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23
Q

where do you test for conductive hearing loss

A
  • external ear

- middle ear

24
Q

where do you test for sensorineural hearing loss

A

inner ear

25
Q

what type of movement change is the utricle responsible for

A

horizontal

26
Q

what type of movement is the saccule responsible for

A

verticle

27
Q

what detects angular movement change

A

semicircular ducts

28
Q

what are the three semicircular canals that orientate at right angles to each other

A
  • anterior
  • posterior
  • lateral
29
Q

head movement effect on hair cells

A

it moves hair cells relative to the endolymph and causes depolarisation

30
Q

what is found in the internal acoustic meatus

A
  • facial nerve
  • vestibulocochlear nerve
  • labyrinthine artery + veins
31
Q

what can facial nerve dysfunction cause

A
  • dry eyes
  • dry mucosa
  • lack of taste in anterior 2/3rds of tongue
  • dry mouth
  • facial paralysis
32
Q

what is the course of the cranial portion of the facial nerve

A
  • leaves brainstem at pontomedullary junction

- enters the internal acoustic meatus

33
Q

what is the course of the temporal portion of the facial nerve course

A
  • travels through temporal bone in close relationship to middle ear
  • leaves the temporal bone through the stylomastoid foramen
34
Q

what is the course of the extratemporal portion of the facial nerve

A
  • courses towards and through the parotid gland

- splits into 6 branches

35
Q

what does the chorda tympani do

A

it conveys taste from the anterior 2/3rds of the tongue

-branches into pre ganglionic parasympathetic fibres to submandibular ganglion

36
Q

where does chorda tympani branch from

A

the facial nerve in the facial canal

37
Q

what nerve provides taste and general sensory to the posterior 1/3rd of tongue

A

CN IX

38
Q

what nerve provides general sensory to anterior 2/3rd of tongue

A

CN V3

39
Q

what nerve supplies taste to anterior 2/3rds of tongue

A

CN VII

40
Q

what is the external ear composed of

A
  • the cartilaginous pinna (auricle)

- external acoustic meatus (ear canal)

41
Q

what is the pinna formed by

A

elastic cartilage attached to the temporal bone and encased in skin

42
Q

what is the external acoustic meatus like in a child

A

short and straight

43
Q

what is the EAM like in an adult

A

curved

44
Q

name features of the tympanic membrane

A
  • pars flaccida
  • umbo
  • cone of light
  • pars tensa
45
Q

what joins the auditory ossicles

A

small synovial joints

46
Q

what are the two parts of the tympanic cavity

A

tympanic cavity proper and the epitympanic recess

47
Q

what does the continuous layer of mucosa lining the middle ear cavities do

A

it delivers sensory information via the glossopharyngeal nerve

48
Q

features of the medial wall of the tympanic cavity

A

oval window - received footplate of stapes
round window - dissipates forces from cochlear
promontory - bump from the basal turn of cochlear
facial canal - contains the facial nerve

49
Q

what are the features of the anterior wall of the tympanic cavity

A
  • the eustachian tube is a connection of the middle ear and the nasopharynx
  • the chorda tympani passes between the incus and malleus and through the anterior wall traveling towards the infratemporal fossa
50
Q

what is the function of the eustachian tube

A

to equalise air pressure between the middle ear and nasopharynx

51
Q

where does the glossopharyngeal nerve supply sensory innervation to the mucosa of

A
  • middle ear cavity
  • eustachian tube
  • nasopharynx
  • oropharynx
  • palatine tonsils
52
Q

function of internal ear

A

reception of sound and maintenance of balance

53
Q

function of the origin of corti

A

turns fluid vibrations into neural action potentials

54
Q

visceral motor function of facial nerve

A
  • parasympathetic supply to lacrimal gland
  • parasympathetic supply to submandibular and sublingual gland
  • parasympathetic supply to minor glands of the nasal cavity and palate
55
Q

what is the oral cavity divided into

A

oral vestibule and oral cavity proper

ENT (26 decks)

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