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BVSc2 AD1 > Pathology > Flashcards

Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of aetiology?

A

The cause of disease

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2
Q

WHat is pathogenesis?

A

The events that occur over the evolution of a disease

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3
Q

What is the sequence of events that occurs over the development of a disease?

A 
Stimulus
cell injury or altered demand
cellular response
structural/functional changes
clinical signs
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4
Q

What are the different types of genetic error?

A

monogenic gene mutation - one gene
polygenic gene mutation
chromosomal abnormalities

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5
Q

What are teratogens?

A

Foreign agents which interfere with the normal development o in the embryo which causes congenital malformations

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6
Q

When is the highest sensitivity to teratogens?

A

In organogenesis in the embryonic period

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7
Q

What is developmental dysplasia?

A

disorderly development of tissues/organs

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8
Q

What i agenesis

A

lack of formation of tissue/organ

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9
Q

What is dysraphia?

A

when tissues fail to fuse or merge together

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10
Q

What is atresia?

A

failure of development of an opening/orifice or passage due to disturbance of tissue resorption

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11
Q

When does cell injury occur?

A

when the limits of adaptive responses are exceeded

or when the cell is directly injured

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12
Q

WHat is the word for decreased size of the cell/organ?

A

Atrophy

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13
Q

WHat is the difference between atrophy nad hyperplasia?

A

Hypoplasia - underdevelopment of a tissue or organ, partial failure to develop, congenital
Atrophy - a reduction in the mass of an organ or tissue that was previously of normal size

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14
Q

What is hyperplasia?

A

Increase in the number of parenchymal cells in an orgam or tissue

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15
Q

What is hypertrophy?

A

Increase in the size and volume of a tissue or organ

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16
Q

What are some causes of hypertrophy/hyperplasia?

A

Increased workload
increased hormonal stimulation
chronic inflammation
age related change

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17
Q

What is metaplasia?

A

Change form the normal cell type to another cell type that is better able to withstand stress
eg. resp tract form ciliated pseudostratified to stratified squamous

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18
Q

What is bad about metaplasia?

A

Decreased function

increased risk of developing neoplasia

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19
Q

What are the main mechanisms of cell injury?

A

Impaired energy production
impaired membrnae function
biochemical pathway derangement
nucleic acid damage

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20
Q

What causes impaired energy production

A

hypoxia
mitochondria damage
sodium/potassium ATPase pump failure

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21
Q

How does anaerobic metabolism damage cells?

A

Lactic acid decreases pH

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22
Q

What does sodium/potassium ATPase pump failure cause?

A

Increased osmosis and cell swelling

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23
Q

What does increased intracellular calcium cause?

A

Activation of enzymes that attack the membranes and consume ATP stores (ATPases)

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24
Q

What does membrane damage cause?

A

free radicals and lipid peroxidation

apoptosis

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25
Q

What are free radicals?

A

Have a reactive unpaired electron in outer orbit

steal electrons from other molecules

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26
Q

What is lipid peroxidation?

A

Where a chain of phospholipids steal electrons after a free radical
they turn into lipid hydroperoxides

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27
Q

What do phospholipids turn into when lipid peroxidation occurs?

A

Lipid hydroperoxides

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28
Q

Where do free radicals come from?

A

inflammation

metabolism of drugs/toxins

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29
Q

What is fatty change claled?

A

Lipidosis

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30
Q

What are the differences between apoptosis and necrosis

A

Programmed
single cells affected
stimulated inflammation

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31
Q

What happens during necrosis?

A

Membranes break down
enzymes leak and digest organelles
cells rupture
inflammatory response

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32
Q

What do necrotic cells look like?

A

Deeper pink - increase eosinophilia

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33
Q

What is karyolysis?

A

Nuclear fading - dissolution of nucleus

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34
Q

What is pyknosis?

A

Nuclear condensation where chromatin clumps

35
Q

What is karyorrhexis?

A

Nuclear fragmentation

36
Q

What is the most common type of necrosis?

A

coagulative necrosis

37
Q

What causes coagulative necrosis?

A

hypoxia/ischaemia - reduced tissue perfusion

Toxins

38
Q

What are the subforms of gangrene?

A

Dry, wet, gas

39
Q

What occurs during dry gangrene?

A

Coagulative necrosis
then dehydration if the necrotic tissue - mummification
Stops bacterial putrefaction

40
Q

What is wet gangrene?

A

when necrosis if followed by invasion and liquefaction by saprophytic bacteria

41
Q

What is gas necrosis?

A

is when gas producing bacteria invade the necrotic tissue

42
Q

What is fat necrosis?

A

Necrosis of adipose tissue

chalky white foci

43
Q

What can cause fat necrosis?

A

Lipases escaping pancreas and act on abdominal fat

44
Q

Where does liquefactive necrosis occur?

A

CNS

45
Q

What is pus?

A

Neutrophils dying and releasing lysosomal enzymes that liquefy surrounding cells and necrotic tissue

46
Q

What is dystrophic calcification?

A

Occurs at sites of necrosis

Calcium salts are deposited

47
Q

What is metastatic calcification?

A

Associated with disturbed calcium metabolism resulting in elevated blood calcium and deposition of calcium salts in tissues

48
Q

What are some causes of metastatic calcification?

A

excessive parathyroid hormone
chronic kidney disease
vitamin D toxicity - rodenticides

49
Q

What is haemosiderin?

A

Iron storage complex

accumilates in phagocytes

50
Q

What is icterus?

A

Jaundice

51
Q

What causes jaundice?

A

excess bilirubin

52
Q

What is prehepatic icterus?

A

caused by excess haemolysis - RBC and haemoglobin breakdown

53
Q

What is hepatic icterus?

A

Liver damage means bilirubin cant be metabolised

54
Q

What is posthepatic icterus?

A

Obstruction of bile excretion through the biliary tract

55
Q

What is amyloidosis?

A

Amyloid deposition caused by chronic inflammation

56
Q

What does amyloidosis cause?

A

Organ dysfunction

57
Q

What are mesenchymal cells?

A

create connective tissue in the body

eg. fibroblasts, chondrocytes, endothelium

58
Q

What are epithelial cells?

A

Surfaces of skin, outer layer of mucosal surfaces and glandular structures
eg. urothelium,
apocrine gland cell, squamous cell

59
Q

What are haematopoeitic and lymphoid cells?

A

From bone marrow that form blood cells and lymphoid cells

eg. lymphocytes, plasma cells and mast cells

60
Q

What are benign mesenchymal tumours called?

A
  • oma
61
Q

What are malignant mesenchymal tumours called?

A
  • sarcoma
62
Q

What are benign non glandular epithelial tumours called?

A

Papilloma

63
Q

What are malignant non glandular epithelial tumours called?

A

Carcinoma

64
Q

What are benign glandular epithelial tumours called?

A

adenomas

65
Q

What are malignant glandular epithelial tumours called?

A

adenocarcinomas or carcinomas

66
Q

What tissues are always malignant?

A

Lymphomas and leukaemias

67
Q

What are features of malignant tumours?

A

Faster growth
tissue invasion
metastatic spread

68
Q

How can metastatic spread occur?

A

In cavities directly
haematogenous - via blood vessels
lymphatic
not well differentiated

69
Q

What is the word for undifferentiated?

A

Anaplastic

usually malignant

70
Q

What is pelomorphism?

A

variation in the size and shape of vcells and nuclei

71
Q

What is anisocytosis?

A

Greater than normal variation in cell size

72
Q

What is anisokaryosis?

A

Greater than normal variation in nuclear size

73
Q

What are nuclear changes that occur in malignant tumours?

A

Increased nuclear size
increased nucleoli size and number
course chromatin
increased abnormal mitotic figures

74
Q

What cell shape do mesenchymal cells have?

A

Spindle shaped

75
Q

What cell shape do epithelial cells have

A

Epithelioid cells - square

76
Q

What cells are round?

A

Lymphocytes, plasma cells, mast cells, histiocytes

77
Q

What shape are spindle shaped cells arranged in?

A

Whorls, swirls, streaming bumdles

78
Q

What shape are epithelioid cells arranged in?

A

Cords, adhesive junctions and lobules, acini in glandular

79
Q

What shape are round cells arranged in?

A

Sheets

80
Q

What are the effects of neoplasia?

A

Compression, obstruction, ulceration. tissue destruction. haemorrhage,

81
Q

What are indirect effects of neoplasia called?

A

Paraneoplastic syndromes

82
Q

What are paraneoplastic syndromes?

A

When there is alteration in the structure and function of tissues/organs distant from the tumour site

83
Q

What is an example of a paraneoplastic syndrome?

A

Crossreactivity where host immune system attacks nomral tissues as well as neoplastic tissues
tumour releases biologically active substances like hormones and cytokines

BVSc2 AD1 (12 decks)

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