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BVSc2 AD1 > Pathology > Flashcards

Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of aetiology?

A

The cause of disease

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2
Q

WHat is pathogenesis?

A

The events that occur over the evolution of a disease

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3
Q

What is the sequence of events that occurs over the development of a disease?

A 
Stimulus
cell injury or altered demand
cellular response
structural/functional changes
clinical signs
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4
Q

What are the different types of genetic error?

A

monogenic gene mutation - one gene
polygenic gene mutation
chromosomal abnormalities

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5
Q

What are teratogens?

A

Foreign agents which interfere with the normal development o in the embryo which causes congenital malformations

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6
Q

When is the highest sensitivity to teratogens?

A

In organogenesis in the embryonic period

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7
Q

What is developmental dysplasia?

A

disorderly development of tissues/organs

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8
Q

What i agenesis

A

lack of formation of tissue/organ

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9
Q

What is dysraphia?

A

when tissues fail to fuse or merge together

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10
Q

What is atresia?

A

failure of development of an opening/orifice or passage due to disturbance of tissue resorption

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11
Q

When does cell injury occur?

A

when the limits of adaptive responses are exceeded

or when the cell is directly injured

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12
Q

WHat is the word for decreased size of the cell/organ?

A

Atrophy

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13
Q

WHat is the difference between atrophy nad hyperplasia?

A

Hypoplasia - underdevelopment of a tissue or organ, partial failure to develop, congenital
Atrophy - a reduction in the mass of an organ or tissue that was previously of normal size

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14
Q

What is hyperplasia?

A

Increase in the number of parenchymal cells in an orgam or tissue

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15
Q

What is hypertrophy?

A

Increase in the size and volume of a tissue or organ

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16
Q

What are some causes of hypertrophy/hyperplasia?

A

Increased workload
increased hormonal stimulation
chronic inflammation
age related change

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17
Q

What is metaplasia?

A

Change form the normal cell type to another cell type that is better able to withstand stress
eg. resp tract form ciliated pseudostratified to stratified squamous

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18
Q

What is bad about metaplasia?

A

Decreased function

increased risk of developing neoplasia

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19
Q

What are the main mechanisms of cell injury?

A

Impaired energy production
impaired membrnae function
biochemical pathway derangement
nucleic acid damage

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20
Q

What causes impaired energy production

A

hypoxia
mitochondria damage
sodium/potassium ATPase pump failure

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21
Q

How does anaerobic metabolism damage cells?

A

Lactic acid decreases pH

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22
Q

What does sodium/potassium ATPase pump failure cause?

A

Increased osmosis and cell swelling

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23
Q

What does increased intracellular calcium cause?

A

Activation of enzymes that attack the membranes and consume ATP stores (ATPases)

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24
Q

What does membrane damage cause?

A

free radicals and lipid peroxidation

apoptosis

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25
What are free radicals?
Have a reactive unpaired electron in outer orbit | steal electrons from other molecules
26
What is lipid peroxidation?
Where a chain of phospholipids steal electrons after a free radical they turn into lipid hydroperoxides
27
What do phospholipids turn into when lipid peroxidation occurs?
Lipid hydroperoxides
28
Where do free radicals come from?
inflammation | metabolism of drugs/toxins
29
What is fatty change claled?
Lipidosis
30
What are the differences between apoptosis and necrosis
Programmed single cells affected stimulated inflammation
31
What happens during necrosis?
Membranes break down enzymes leak and digest organelles cells rupture inflammatory response
32
What do necrotic cells look like?
Deeper pink - increase eosinophilia
33
What is karyolysis?
Nuclear fading - dissolution of nucleus
34
What is pyknosis?
Nuclear condensation where chromatin clumps
35
What is karyorrhexis?
Nuclear fragmentation
36
What is the most common type of necrosis?
coagulative necrosis
37
What causes coagulative necrosis?
hypoxia/ischaemia - reduced tissue perfusion | Toxins
38
What are the subforms of gangrene?
Dry, wet, gas
39
What occurs during dry gangrene?
Coagulative necrosis then dehydration if the necrotic tissue - mummification Stops bacterial putrefaction
40
What is wet gangrene?
when necrosis if followed by invasion and liquefaction by saprophytic bacteria
41
What is gas necrosis?
is when gas producing bacteria invade the necrotic tissue
42
What is fat necrosis?
Necrosis of adipose tissue | chalky white foci
43
What can cause fat necrosis?
Lipases escaping pancreas and act on abdominal fat
44
Where does liquefactive necrosis occur?
CNS
45
What is pus?
Neutrophils dying and releasing lysosomal enzymes that liquefy surrounding cells and necrotic tissue
46
What is dystrophic calcification?
Occurs at sites of necrosis | Calcium salts are deposited
47
What is metastatic calcification?
Associated with disturbed calcium metabolism resulting in elevated blood calcium and deposition of calcium salts in tissues
48
What are some causes of metastatic calcification?
excessive parathyroid hormone chronic kidney disease vitamin D toxicity - rodenticides
49
What is haemosiderin?
Iron storage complex | accumilates in phagocytes
50
What is icterus?
Jaundice
51
What causes jaundice?
excess bilirubin
52
What is prehepatic icterus?
caused by excess haemolysis - RBC and haemoglobin breakdown
53
What is hepatic icterus?
Liver damage means bilirubin cant be metabolised
54
What is posthepatic icterus?
Obstruction of bile excretion through the biliary tract
55
What is amyloidosis?
Amyloid deposition caused by chronic inflammation
56
What does amyloidosis cause?
Organ dysfunction
57
What are mesenchymal cells?
create connective tissue in the body | eg. fibroblasts, chondrocytes, endothelium
58
What are epithelial cells?
Surfaces of skin, outer layer of mucosal surfaces and glandular structures eg. urothelium, apocrine gland cell, squamous cell
59
What are haematopoeitic and lymphoid cells?
From bone marrow that form blood cells and lymphoid cells | eg. lymphocytes, plasma cells and mast cells
60
What are benign mesenchymal tumours called?
- oma
61
What are malignant mesenchymal tumours called?
- sarcoma
62
What are benign non glandular epithelial tumours called?
Papilloma
63
What are malignant non glandular epithelial tumours called?
Carcinoma
64
What are benign glandular epithelial tumours called?
adenomas
65
What are malignant glandular epithelial tumours called?
adenocarcinomas or carcinomas
66
What tissues are always malignant?
Lymphomas and leukaemias
67
What are features of malignant tumours?
Faster growth tissue invasion metastatic spread
68
How can metastatic spread occur?
In cavities directly haematogenous - via blood vessels lymphatic not well differentiated
69
What is the word for undifferentiated?
Anaplastic | usually malignant
70
What is pelomorphism?
variation in the size and shape of vcells and nuclei
71
What is anisocytosis?
Greater than normal variation in cell size
72
What is anisokaryosis?
Greater than normal variation in nuclear size
73
What are nuclear changes that occur in malignant tumours?
Increased nuclear size increased nucleoli size and number course chromatin increased abnormal mitotic figures
74
What cell shape do mesenchymal cells have?
Spindle shaped
75
What cell shape do epithelial cells have
Epithelioid cells - square
76
What cells are round?
Lymphocytes, plasma cells, mast cells, histiocytes
77
What shape are spindle shaped cells arranged in?
Whorls, swirls, streaming bumdles
78
What shape are epithelioid cells arranged in?
Cords, adhesive junctions and lobules, acini in glandular
79
What shape are round cells arranged in?
Sheets
80
What are the effects of neoplasia?
Compression, obstruction, ulceration. tissue destruction. haemorrhage,
81
What are indirect effects of neoplasia called?
Paraneoplastic syndromes
82
What are paraneoplastic syndromes?
When there is alteration in the structure and function of tissues/organs distant from the tumour site
83
What is an example of a paraneoplastic syndrome?
Crossreactivity where host immune system attacks nomral tissues as well as neoplastic tissues tumour releases biologically active substances like hormones and cytokines

BVSc2 AD1 (12 decks)

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